Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, In-vitro Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Novel (2e)-Ethyl-2-(2-(2, 4-Dinitrophenyl) Hydrazono)-4-(Naphthalen-2-yl)-6-Arylcyclohex-3-Enecarboxylates

Introduction

Over the past few decades, health-related quality of human life benefits are under threat as many commonly used antibiotics have become less and less effective against certain illnesses, not only because many of them produce toxic reactions but also due to emergence of drug resistant microbes. Hydrazones constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development. Therefore, many researchers have synthesized these compounds as target structures and evaluated their biological activities. These observations have been conducted for the development of new hydrazones that possess varied biological activities (1). Some critical reviews have been published which give an outlook on the developments on antimycobacterialhydrazones (2-5). Hydrazones have been demonstrated to possess varied biological activities (Figure1). For example, isonicotinoylhydrazones (A) are antitubercular and nifuroxazide (B) is an intestinal antiseptic. Acetylhydrazones (C) provided a good protection against convulsions (6). The 3-Phenyl-5-sulfonamidoindole-2-carboxylic acid 3, 4-methylenedioxy/4-methyl/4-nitrobenzylidene-hydrazide (D) showed antidepressant activity (7). The most important anti-inflammatory derivative 2-(2-formylfuryl) pyridylhydrazone (E) presented a 79% inhibition of pleurisy (8). [(4′-N, N-Dimethylaminobenzylidene-3-(3′, 4′-ethylenedioxyphenyl) propionylhydrazine] (F) are used as standard antinociceptive drugs (9). The antiplatelet activity of novel tricyclic acylhydrazone derivatives (G) is evaluated by their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma (10). The aroylhydrazonechelator 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone (H) showed a greater antimalarial agent activity than desferrioxamine against chloroquine-resistant and sensitive parasites (11). Triazolohydrazones (I) possess a good antibacterial activity (12). A new bioactive compound of N-acylhydrazone class, 3, 4-methylenedioxybenzoyl-2-thienyl hydrazone (J) named LASSBio-294, was shown to have inotropic and vasodilatory effects (13). Triarylhydrazones (K) exhibit antitumoral activity against MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 human malignant breast cell lines (14).

Structurally diverse clinically potent hydrazones that possess varied biological activities

Figure 1

The 2-Acetyl naphthalene is an interesting starting material which is widely used in perfume formulations (15), mainly in Neroli orange blossom, sweet pea, magnolia, honeysuckle, wisteria, narcisse, jasmine, various exotic florals, etc. In flavor composition, also, the ketone finds a place in imitation of strawberry, grape, various citrus and berry compositions in neroli and other natural flavors, in fruit complexes and in certain types of vanilla flavor. Nowadays, there has been a great deal of interest in exploiting more than one proximal functional groups for designing novel structures capable of performing a variety of functions. Synthesis of molecules, which are novel yet resembling known biologically active molecules by virtue of the presence of some critical structural features, is an essential component of the search for new leads in drug designing programme. Taking these considerations into account and as a part of our research program aimed at the synthesis of bioactive novel structurally diverse heterocycles (16-20), herein is reported the molecular conjugation of the naphthyl substituted chalcones moiety with two or more active counterparts which has been designed and synthesized with the hope of producing novel ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates (10-17), an intermediate with three versatile functional groups i.e., ketone, olefin and ester for the synthesis of (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-ene carboxylates 17-24, a novel hydrazone derivative and to study their in-vitro microbiological evaluation against clinically isolated bacterial and fungal strains.

Experimental

Chemistry

The progress of the reaction is monitored by TLC analysis. All the reported melting points are taken in open capillaries and are uncorrected. IR spectra are recorded in KBr (pellet forms) on a Nicolet-Avatar–330 FT-IR spectrophotometer and note worthy absorption values (cm^-1) alone are listed. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra are recorded at 400 MHz and 100 MHz respectively on BrukerAvance II 400 NMR spectrometer using DMSO-d₆ as solvent. Two dimensional HOMOCOR and HSQC spectra are recorded at Bruker DRX 500 NMR spectrometer. The ESI +ve MS spectra are recorded on a BrukerDaltonics LC-MS spectrometer. Satisfactory microanalyses are obtained on Carlo Erba 1106 CHN analyzer.

By adopting the literature precedent (21), (E)-1-naphthalen-2-yl)-3-arylprop-2-en-1-ones 1-8 were prepared.

General procedure for the synthesis of ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates, compounds 9-16

To a solution of sodium ethoxide (0.001 mol) in 30 mL of absolute ethanol, freshly distilled ethyl acetoacetate (0.01 mol) and respective (E)-1-naphthalen-2-yl)-3-arylprop-2-en-1-ones (0.01 mol) in absolute ethanol (40 mL) was mixed. This mixture was refluxed in a water bath for 1-3 h by maintaining the temperature around (70-80)ºC. The reaction mixture was allowed to be cooled and filtered. Then the crude product was recrystallized from absolute ethanol to afford ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates.

Ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-phenylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 9

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3057, 2987, 2929, 1738, 1659, 1606, 1292, 1155, 847, 816, 766, 704; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.92 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 3.22-3.28 (2H, H₅, m), 3.65-3.73 (1H, H₆, m), 3.91 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J=7.0), 4.17 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.73 (1H, s, H₃), 7.24-8.33 (12H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.7 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 35.1 C-5, 43.8 C-6, 58.7 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 59.9 C-1, 123.1 C-3, 169.2 C=O at C-1, 194.2 C-2, 123.4-128.8 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 132.7, 133.6, 134.3, 141.5 ipso-C’s.

Ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-p-tolylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 10

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3065, 3027, 2979, 2923, 2863, 1740, 1660, 1604, 1148, 897, 849, 816, 753; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.96 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 2.28 (3H, s, CH₃ at phenyl ring), 3.15-3.17 (2H, H₅, m), 3.62-3.66 (1H, H₆, m), 3.92 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 6.9), 4.11 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.3), 6.71 (1H, s, H₃), 7.13-8.30 (11H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 14.2 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 21.0 CH₃ at phenyl ring, 35.7 C-5, 43.8 C-6, 59.2 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 60.3 C-1, 123.5 C-3, 169.6 C=O at C-1, 194.7 C-2, 123.7-129.2 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 133.1, 134.0, 134.7, 136.5, 138.9 ipso-C’s.

Ethyl 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 11

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3054, 2989, 2925, 1739, 1656, 1603, 1225, 1153, 888, 841, 815, 752; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.94 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 3.19-3.21 (2H, H₅, m), 3.68-3.75 (1H, H₆, m), 3.93 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 4.16 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.73 (1H, s, H3), 7.16-8.33 (11H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 35.0 C-5, 43.0 C-6, 58.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 59.9 C-1, 123.0 C-3, 169.1 C=O at C-1, 194.1 C-2, 114.9-129.6 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 132.7, 1333.6, 134.2, 137.7, 160.0 ipso-C’s.

Ethyl6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound12

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3056, 2987, 2932, 2838, 1738, 1657, 1606, 1252, 888, 831, 815, 749; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.96 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 3.16-3.29 (2H, H₅, m), 3.59-3.67 (1H, H₆, m), 3.73 (3H, s, OCH₃ at phenyl ring), 3.92 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 4.10 (1H, H₁, d, J = 14.3), 6.71 (1H, s, H₃), 6.89-8.32 (11H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 14.2 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 35.7 C-5, 43.5 C-6, 55.4 OCH₃ at phenyl ring, 59.5 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 60.2 C-1, 123.5 C-3, 169.7 C=O at C-1, 194.7 C-2, 114.1-129.0 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.2, 133.1, 134.0, 134.7, 159.1 ipso-C’s.

Ethyl 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 13

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3056, 3022, 2978, 2928, 1738, 1658, 1257, 1147, 890, 850, 818, 749; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.95 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 3.19-3.29 (2H, H₅, m), 3.68-3.75 (1H, H₆, m), 3.93 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J=7.1), 4.18 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.73 (1H, s, H₃), 7.40-8.32 (11H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 34.8 C-5, 43.1 C-6, 58.5 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 60.0 C-1, 123.0 C-3, 169.1 C=O at C-1, 193.9 C-2, 123.3-129.5 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 132.7, 133.6, 134.2, 134.9, 140.5 ipso-C’s.

Ethyl 6-(4-bromophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 14

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3058, 3027, 2977, 2929, 2907, 2863, 1732, 1657, 1598, 1170, 1145, 892, 817, 748, 711; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.96 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 3.19-3.21 (2H, H₅, m), 3.67-3.74 (1H, H₆, m), 3.94 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 4.18 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.73 (1H, s, H₃), 7.42-8.32 (11H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 34.8 C-5, 43.2 C-6, 58.5 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 60.0 C-1, 123.1 C-3, 169.1 C=O at C-1, 194.0 C-2, 120.1-129.9 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 131.3, 132.7, 133.6, 134.2, 141.0 ipso-C’s.

Ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxo-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 15

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3057, 2978, 2925, 2852, 1734, 1658, 1599, 1278, 1149, 893, 856, 815, 743; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.94 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 6.9), 3.17-3.26 (2H, H₅, m), 3.68-3.73 (1H, H₆, m), 3.92 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 6.8), 4.17 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.7), 6.73 (1H, s, H₃), 6.98-8.22 (11H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.5 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 34.8 C-5, 43.3 C-6, 58.7 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 60.3 C-1, 123.2 C-3, 169.8 C=O at C-1, 193.2 C-2, 123.8-129.1 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 132.6, 133.6, 134.3, 134.8, 140.1 ipso-C’s.

Ethyl 6-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxocyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 16

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3058, 2977, 2927, 2869, 1658, 1733, 1597, 1170, 1147, 888, 851, 815, 786; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.94 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 3.19-3.28 (2H, H₅, m), 3.66-3.73 (1H, H₆, m), 3.91 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 4.16 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.7), 6.74 (1H, s, H₃), 7.08-8.29 (11H, m, H_arom.); ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.7 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 34.8 C-5, 43.2 C-6, 58.6 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 60.1 C-1, 123.2 C-3, 169.0 C=O at C-1, 193.7 C-2, 123.1-129.8 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 132.5, 133.6, 134.0, 134.7, 140.3 ipso-C’s.

General method for the synthesis of (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates, compounds 17-24

A solution of ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 9-16 (0.001 mol) in ethanol (40 mL) was treated with 2,4-dintrophenylhydrazine (0.001 mol) and 2-4 drops of sulfuric acid and refluxed for 2-3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and then poured over crushed ice. The crude products were recrystallized twice using ethanol as solvent to afford the product.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-phenylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 17

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3323, 3099, 3060, 2989, 2924, 2847, 1737, 1656, 1512, 1330, 818, 763, 704, 623; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.92 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 3.20-3.21 (2H, H₅, m), 3.66-3.72 (1H, H₆, m), 3.91 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 4.16 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.73 (1H, s, H₃), 7.25-8.80 (15H, m, H_arom.), 9.97 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.97 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 35.1 C-5, 43.8 C-6, 59.9 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 58.7 C-1, 115.5 C-3, 169.2 C=O at C-1, 158.7 C-2, 123.1-128.8 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.5, 132.7, 133.6, 134.3, 141.5, 149.5 ipso-C’s.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-p-tolylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 18

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3323, 3096, 3049, 3022, 2972, 2923, 2858, 1739, 1657, 1512, 1330, 817, 747, 705, 629; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.95 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 2.28 (3H, s, CH₃ at phenyl ring), 3.15-3.17 (2H, H₅, m), 3.60-3.68 (1H, H₆, m), 3.92 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 4.12 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.71 (1H, s, H₃), 7.14-8.80 (14H, m, H_arom.), 9.97 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.97 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 20.6 CH₃ at phenyl ring, 35.3 C-5, 43.4 C-6, 59.9 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 58.9 C-1, 115.5 C-3, 169.3 C=O at C-1, 158.7 C-2, 123.1-128.9 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.5, 132.7, 133.6, 134.3, 136.1, 138.6, 149.1 ipso-C’s.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 19

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3319, 3100, 3071, 2923, 2852, 1739, 1654, 1510, 1332, 839, 749, 704, 627; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.93 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 3.18-3.20 (2H, H₅, m), 3.46-3.74 (1H, H₆, m), 3.92 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 4.15 (1H, H₁, d, J = 14.4), 6.72 (1H, s, H₃), 7.15-8.80 (14H, m, H_arom.), 9.96 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.96 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 35.1 C-5, 43.1 C-6, 60.1 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 59.0 C-1, 115.2 C-3, 169.5 C=O at C-1, 158.8 C-2, 115.0-129.6 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.7, 132.7, 133.7, 134.3, 137.8, 149.2, 162.5 ipso-C’s.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, Compound 20

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3319, 3054, 2994, 2928, 2841, 1737, 1655, 1512, 1332, 828, 747, 704, 628; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.95 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 3.14-3.16 (2H, H₅, m), 3.54-3.62 (1H, H₆, m), 3.73 (3H, s, OCH₃ at phenyl ring), 3.92 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J=7.0), 4.08 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.88 (1H, s, H₃), 6.89-8.89 (14H, m, H_arom.), 9.97 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.97 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 35.3 C-5, 43.1 C-6, 55.0 OCH₃ at phenyl ring, 59.9 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 59.2 C-1, 115.4 C-3, 169.4 C=O at C-1, 158.7 C-2, 113.7-129.4 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 132.7, 133.0, 133.5, 133.6, 134.38, 134.30, 149.1, 158.3 ipso-C’s.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, Compound 21

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3323, 3088, 2972, 2924, 2847, 1736, 1645, 1514, 1326, 823, 744, 629; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.92 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 3.15-3.20 (2H, H₅, m), 3.69-3.75 (1H, H₆, m), 3.95 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 4.16 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.4), 6.74 (1H, s, H₃), 7.27-8.90 (14H, m, H_arom.), 9.99 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.99 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 34.9 C-5, 43.1 C-6, 60.0 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 58.6 C-1, 115.4 C-3, 169.1 C=O at C-1, 158.6 C-2, 120.9-129.4 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.5, 131.6, 132.7, 133.0, 133.6, 134.2, 140.5, 149.1 ipso-C’s.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-6-(4-bromophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 22

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3324, 3097, 2978, 2923, 2847, 1735, 1643, 1514, 1330, 826, 744, 705, 629; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.95 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 3.15-3.20 (2H, H₅, m), 3.57-3.73 (1H, H₆, m), 3.93 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 4.17 (1H, H₁, d, J = 14.4), 6.73 (1H, s, H₃), 7.42-8.80 (14H, m, H_arom.), 9.97 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.97 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.8 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 34.8 C-5, 43.2 C-6, 60.1 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 58.5 C-1, 115.5 C-3, 169.1 C=O at C-1, 158.6 C-2, 120.2-129.5 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.9, 131.3, 132.7, 133.1, 133.6, 134.2, 141.0, 149.1 ipso-C’s.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl) cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 23

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3324, 3088, 2922, 2858, 1735, 1640, 1518, 1324, 828, 742, 705, 630; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.91 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 6.9), 3.14-3.19 (2H, H₅, m), 3.67-3.73 (1H, H₆, m), 3.94 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.0), 4.17 (1H, H₁, d, J = 13.2), 6.76 (1H, s, H₃), 7.21-8.78 (14H, m, H_arom.), 9.96 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.96 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.6 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 35.0 C-5, 43.3 C-6, 60.3 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 59.2 C-1, 115.7 C-3, 169.8 C=O at C-1, 158.3 C-2, 121.3-129.7 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.4, 132.3, 133.6, 134.2, 137.7, 145.4, 149.2 ipso-C’s.

(2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-6-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, compound 24

IR (KBr) ν (cm^-1): 3324, 3098, 3060, 2972, 2924, 2852, 1734, 1657, 1512, 1330, 820, 787, 747, 698; ¹H NMR (δ ppm), (J Hz): 0.94 (3H, t, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.1), 3.19-3.21 (2H, H₅, m), 3.45-3.74 (1H, H₆, m), 3.93 (2H, q, CH₂CH₃ at C-1, J = 7.2), 4.13 (1H, H₁, d, J = 14.1), 6.77 (1H, s, H₃), 7.21-8.77 (14H, m, H_arom.), 9.94 (1H, bs, NH); In the D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR spectrum, a broad singlet at 9.94 ppm due to labile NH proton disappeared; ¹³C NMR (δ ppm): 13.7 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 34.7 C-5, 43.3 C-6, 60.2 CH₂CH₃ at C-1, 58.7 C-1, 115.4 C-3, 169.3 C=O at C-1, 158.3 C-2, 124.8-129.1 -C_arom., C-4 carbon may be merged with -C_arom, 129.2, 131.4, 132.6, 133.2, 133.7, 134.2, 140.2, 149.3 ipso-C’s.

Microbiology

Materials

All the clinically isolated bacterial strains namely Salmonella typhii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, β-Hemolytic streptococcus and Micrococcus luteus and also fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus Niger, Mucor, Rhizopus and Microsporumgypseum are obtained from Faculty of Medicine, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.

In-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of μg/mL values is carried out by two-fold serial dilution method (22). The respective test compounds 17-24 are dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain 1 mg mL^-1 stock solution. Seeded broth (broth containing microbial spores) is prepared in NB from 24 h old bacterial cultures on nutrient agar (Hi-media, Mumbai) at 37 ± 1 °C while fungal spores from 1 to 7 days old Sabouraud agar (Hi-media, Mumbai) slant cultures were suspended in SDB. The colony forming units (cfu) of the seeded broth are determined by plating technique and adjusted in the range of 10⁴-10⁵ cfu/mL. The final inoculums size was 10⁵cfu/mL for antibacterial assay and 1.1-1.5 X 10² cfu/mL for antifungal assay. Testing is performed at pH of 7.4 ± 0.2 for bacteria (NB) and at a pH of 5.6 for fungi (SDB). Exactly 0.4 mL of the solution of test compound was added to 1.6 mL of seeded broth to form the first dilution. One mL of this was diluted with a further 1 mL of seeded broth to give the second dilution and so on till six of such dilutions are obtained. A set of assay tubes containing only seeded broth was kept as control. The tubes were incubated in BOD incubators at 37 ± 1°C for bacteria and 28 ± 1°C for fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are recorded through visual observations after 24 h (for bacteria) and 72-96 h (for fungi) of incubation. Ciprofloxacin is used as standard for bacterial studies and Fluconazole is used as standards for fungal studies.

Results and Discussion

Chemistry

Hydrazones, containing an azomethine -NHN=CH- proton, are synthesized by heating appropriate substituted hydrazines/hydrazides with aldehydes and ketones in solvents like ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, butanol, glacial acetic acid and ethanol-glacial acetic acid. Another synthetic route for the synthesis of hydrazones is the coupling of aryl diazonium salts with active hydrogen compounds. The reaction route for the synthesis of (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24 is as follows: (E)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-3-arylprop-2-ene-1-ones 1-8 are synthesized by the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 2-acetyl naphthalene and substituted with benzaldehydes in the presence of alcoholic sodium hydroxide. Treatment of (E)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-3-arylprop-2-ene-1-ones 1-8 with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide in refluxing ethanol (Figure 2 and Table 1) afford ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 9-16. Compounds 9-16 on reaction with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in the presence of 2-4 drops of sulfuric acid in refluxing ethanol yields the respective nitro hydrazone derivatives, (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl) hydrazono)-4-(naphthalene-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24. The structures of all the synthesized ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 9-16 are confirmed by m.p.’s, FT-IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectral studies and elemental analysis. Moreover, (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-ene carboxylates 17-24 are confirmed by m.p.’s, elemental analysis, FT-IR, MS, ¹H NMR, D₂O exchanged ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, two dimensional ¹H-¹H HOMOCOR and ¹H-¹³C HSQC spectral studies.

Synthesis of ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-phenylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates and (2E)-ethyl 2- (2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates

Figure 2

The reaction mechanism (Figure 3) involves the formation of Michael addition product by ethyl acetoacetate with (E)-1-(naphthalen-2- yl)-3-arylprop-2-ene-1-ones 1-8 in the presence of base, sodium ethoxide. Later, the addition product undergoes intramolecularaldol reaction in the presence of sodium ethoxide base, to give ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 9-16. Ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 9-16 contain β-dicarbonyl system on reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in the presence of 2-4 drops of sulfuric acid in refluxing ethanol yields (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24.

Mechanistic pathway for the formation of ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-phenylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates and (2E)-ethyl2- (2-(2,4-dinitrophrnyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates

Figure 3

This reaction can be described as a condensation reaction, with two molecules join together with loss of water. It is also called addition-elimination reaction: nucleophilic addition of the –NH₂ group to the C=O carbonyl group, followed by the removal of a water molecule. In the present reaction, 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine does not react with other carbonyl-containing functional groups such as ester. For ester, there is resonance associated stability as a lone pair of electrons interacts with the p-orbital of the carbonyl carbon resulting in increased delocalization in the molecule. This stability would be lost by addition of a reagent to the carbonyl group. Hence, these compounds are more resistant to addition.

Ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-phenyl cyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 9 is chosen as the representative compound to discuss the spectral data of Ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 9-16. FT-IR spectrum of Ethyl 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-phenylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 9 shows two strong characteristic absorptions at 1738 and 1659 cm^-1due to ester ketone and carbonyl functional groups respectively. The band at 1606 cm^-1 is due to the presence of C=C stretching frequency. The absorption frequency at 3057 cm^-1 is assigned to aromatic C-H stretching vibration and the absorption frequencies at 2987 and 2929 cm^-1 is assigned to aliphatic C-H stretching vibration. The observed ester carbonyl, ketone and C=C stretching vibrational bands, are supporting evidence for the formation of synthesized compound 9. In the ¹H NMR spectrum of 9, a triplet was observed at 0.92 ppm (J = 7.1 Hz) corresponding to three protons and this signal is due to the ester methyl protons at C-1. A quartet observed at 3.91 ppm (J = 7.0 Hz) corresponding to two protons and this signal is due to the ester methylene protons at C-1. Two multiplets are obtained in the range of 3.22-3.28 and 3.65-3.73 and they are due to the H-5 and H-6 protons. The doublet at 4.17ppm (J = 13.4 Hz) has been assigned to H-1 proton. The singlet observed in downfield region at 6.73 ppm is due to H-3 proton. The aromatic protons appeared as a multiplet in the range of 7.24-8.33ppm. Two ¹³C resonances at 194.2 and 169.2 ppm are assigned to C-2 carbonyl carbon and ester carbonyl carbon respectively. The ¹³C resonances at 35.1 and 43.8 ppm are due to the C-5 and C-6 carbons respectively. The ¹³C resonance observed at 58.7 and 13.7 ppm are assigned to ester methylene and methyl carbons at C-1 respectively. The signal observed at 59.9 ppm is assigned to C-1 carbon, whereas the signal at 123.1 ppm is assigned to C-3 carbon. The aromatic carbons are observed in the range of 123.4-128.8 ppm. C-4 carbon may be merged with the aromatic carbons. The remaining ¹³C signals at 132.7, 133.6, 134.3 and 141.5 ppm are due to ipso carbons.

In order to discuss the spectral data of (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24, (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-4-(naphthalene-2-yl)-6-phenylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 17 is chosen as the representative compound.

FT-IR spectrum of (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-phenylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate 17 shows characteristic absorption frequency at 3323 cm^-1 which suggests the presence of -NH functional group. The absorption frequency at 1656 cm^-1 is assigned to C=N stretching vibration. The band at 1512 cm^-1 is due to the presence of C=C stretching frequency. Nitro functional groups show characteristic stretching frequency around 1330 cm^-1. Besides these, aromatic CH stretching frequencies are observed at 3099 and 3060 cm^-1 and the aliphatic CH stretching frequencies are observed at 2989, 2924 and 2847 cm^-1. The observed -NH, C=N, C=C and NO₂ stretching vibrational bands are supporting evidence for the formation of synthesized compound 17. In the ¹H NMR spectrum of 17, a triplet was observed at 0.92 ppm (J = 7.0 Hz) corresponding to three protons and this signal is due to ester methyl protons at C-1. A quartet observed at 3.91 ppm (J = 7.0 Hz) corresponding to two protons and this signal is due to ester methylene protons at C-1. Two multiplets are obtained in the range 3.20-3.21 and 3.66-3.72 and they are due to H-5 and H-6 protons. The doublet at 4.16 ppm (J = 13.4 Hz) has been assigned to H-1 proton. The singlet observed in downfield region at 6.73 ppm is due to H-3 proton. The aromatic protons appeared as a multiplet in the range of 7.25-8.80 ppm. The aromatic protons due to dinitrophenyl part are observed in the range of 8.12-8.80 ppm. H-3 proton of 2,4-dinitrophenyl part gives signal as a doublet at 8.80 ppm (J = 2.5 Hz). H-5 proton of 2,4-dinitrophenyl part gives signal as a multiplet around 8.32-8.23 ppm. H-6 proton of 2,4-dinitrophenyl part gives signal as a doublet at 8.12 ppm (J = 7.3Hz). The labile NH proton (exchangeable with D₂O) appears as a broad singlet at 9.97 ppm. In the HOMOCOSY spectrum of 17, the signal at 0.92 ppm shows cross peak with the signal at 3.91 ppm and vice versa. From the above cross peaks, it is confirmed that the triplet observed at 0.92 ppm corresponds to ester methyl protons at C-1, whereas the quartet at 3.91 ppm corresponds to ester methylene protons at C-1. The signal at 4.16 ppm gives cross peak with multiplet at 3.66-3.72. Similarly, the multiplet at 3.66-3.72 gives cross peaks with the signal at 4.16 ppm as well as the signal at 3.20-3.21 ppm. Furthermore, the signal at 6.73 ppm gives correlations with the signal at 3.20-3.21 ppm and vice versa. From the above correlations, it reveals that the singlet at 6.73 ppm corresponds to H-3 proton and the multiplet at 3.66-3.72 ppm corresponds to H-6 proton respectively. The doublet at 4.16 ppm is conveniently assigned to H-1 proton and the multiplet at 3.20-3.21 ppm is unambiguously assigned to H-5 proton.

In the ¹³C NMR spectrum of 17, five resonances in the aliphatic region at 13.8, 35.1, 43.8, 58.7 and 59.9 ppm are observed. They are all due to CH₂CH₃ at C-1, C-5, C-6, C-1 and CH₂CH₃ at C-1 respectively. C-3 carbon resonates at 115.5 ppm. The remaining ¹³C resonances in quaternary carbon signals at 169.2 and 158.7 ppm are due to C=O at C-1 and C-2 carbon respectively.

The aromatic carbons are observed in the range of 123.1-128.8 ppm. The carbon signals due to aromatic carbons of 2,4-dinitrophenyl part are merged with the aromatic carbons of naphthyl and phenyl rings at the position of 4 and 6 in cyclohexene ring. C-4 carbon may be merged with aromatic carbon signals. The ¹³C resonances at 129.5, 132.7, 133.6, 134.3, 141.5 and 149.5 ppm are due to ipso carbons. In the HSQC spectrum of 17, one bond correlation (13.8/0.92 ppm) is observed between CH₂CH₃ at C-1 and CH₂CH₃ at C-1. The ¹³C resonance at 59.9 has correlations with ester methylene protons, CH₂CH₃ at C-1. Another one-bond correlation (35.1/3.20-3.21 ppm) is observed between C-5 and H-5. The ¹³C resonance at 43.8 ppm has a one-bond correlation with a multiplet around 3.66-3.72 ppm. Hence, the signal at 43.8 ppm corresponds to C-6 carbon whereas the multiplet at 3.66-3.72 ppm is assigned to H-6 proton. The other aliphatic carbon which resonances at 58.7 ppm, shows a one-bond correlation with a doublet at 4.16 ppm. From this correlation, it is revealed that the doublet at 4.16 ppm corresponds to H-1 proton of the cyclohexenone moiety and the ¹³C signal at 58.7 is assigned to C-1 carbon. The ¹³C resonance at 115.5 ppm has correlations with singlet at 6.73 ppm. So the signal at 6.73 ppm is conveniently assigned to H-3 proton and the carbon signal at 115.5 ppm is assigned to C-3. In the HSQC, the ¹³C resonances at 169.2 and 158.7 ppm has no correlations with protons and hence it is due to quaternary carbons, ester C=O at C-1 and C=N respectively. The C-4 carbon may be merged with the aromatic carbons. Among the quaternary carbons, the 13C resonances at 129.5, 132.7, 133.6, 134.3, 141.5 and 149.5 are due to ipso carbons.

Antibacterial activity

Novel (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24 are tested for their antibacterial activity in-vitro against S. typhi, K.pneumoniae, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, S.aureus, β-H.streptococcus and M.luteus. Ciprofloxacin is used as standard bactericidal drug. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL values is reproduced in Table 2.

A close survey of the MIC values indicates that all the compounds 17-24 exhibited a varied range (6.25-200 μg/mL) of antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains except compounds 18 and 20 against E.coli and K.pneumoniae respectively which do not have activity even at a maximum concentration of 200 μg/mL. Compounds 18 and 20, which have electron donating methyl/methoxy substituent at the para position of phenyl rings attached to C-6 of cyclohexenone moiety, showed moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria and showed good activity against Gram-positive bacteria at a MIC value in the range of 6.25-12.5 μg/mL against S. aureus, β.H.streptococcus and M. luteus. Compound 17 which has no substitution at the phenyl ring attached to C-6 of cyclohexenone moiety, exhibited moderate activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Compound 19 shows excellent antibacterial activity against S. typhi, K.pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa and β.H.streptococcus at a MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL which is a four-fold increase in activity with that of Ciprofloxacin. Similarly, compound 21 which has chloro substitution at the para position of phenyl rings attached to the C-6 of cyclohexenone moiety, exerted excellent activity against E.coli and M. luteus at a MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL and exerted a MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL against S. typhi, P.aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. In addition, compound 24, a metachloro substituted compound exhibited good antibacterial activity against K. pneumonia and S. aureus at a MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL whereas it showed activity at a MIC of 6.25 μg/mL against β.H.streptococcus. Bulky bromo substitution at the para position of phenyl rings attached to C-6 of cyclohexenone moiety in compound 22 is active against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, compound 23 which has nitro substitution at the paraposition of phenyl rings attached to C-6 of cyclohexenone moiety exerted excellent activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus at a MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL and it showed good activity against K. pneumonia at a MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. All the electron withdrawing substituent namely fluoro, chloro, bromo or nitro compounds such as 19, 21-24 exerted strong antibacterial activity against all the tested strains when compared to standard drug Ciprofloxacin whereas electron donating substituent namely methyl or methoxy compounds such as 18 and 20 show good activity against Gram-positive bacteria at a MIC value in the range of 6.25-12.5 μg/mL.

Antifungal activity

The in-vitro antifungal activity of (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24 was studied against the fungal strains viz., A. flavus, A. Niger, Mucor, Rhizopus and Microsporumgypseum. Fluconazole was used as a standard drug. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL values is reproduced in Table 3.

A close survey of the MIC values indicates that all the compounds 17-24 exhibited a varied range (6.25-200 μg/mL) of antifungal activity against all the tested fungal strains except compounds 17, 21 and 23 which do not have antifungal activity against M. gypseum, Rhizopusand A. flavusrespectively even at a high concentration of 200 μg/mL. Compound 17, having no substitution at the phenyl rings attached to C-6 carbon of cyclohexenone moiety exerted moderate activity against all the tested fungal strains, whereas methyl substituted compound 18 exerted good antifungal activities against Mucor, Rhizopusat a MIC value of 6.25 and 12.5 μg/mL respectively. Similar results are noticed for electron donating methoxy substituent compound 20 and exerted antifungal activity against Rhizopusat a MIC of 6.25 μg/mL, whereas it showed potent activity against A. Niger and Mucorat a MIC of 12.5 μg/mL. Compound 19 showed excellent antifungal activity against all the tested fungal strains and it showed MIC value of 6.25-25 μg/mL. Similarly, chloro substituted compound 21 and nitro substituted compound 23 exhibited good antifungal activities against all the tested strains except against Rhizopusand A .flavusrespectively which did not have potent activity even at a higher concentration of 200 μg/mL. Compound 22, which has bulky bromo substitution at the paraposition of the phenyl rings attached to C-6 carbon of cyclohexenone moiety exerted good antifungal activity against all the tested fungal strains. All the naphthylhydrazone derivatives 17-24 were more potent and exerted good antifungal activity when compared to the standard drug Fluconazole. Compounds with electron withdrawing fluoro, chloro, bromo or nitro substituent at the phenyl rings or compounds that having electron donating methyl or methoxysubstitutents attached to C-6 of cyclohexenone moiety, exerted excellent activity against all the tested fungal strains.

Conclusion

In crisp, an array of novel of (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24 are synthesized and characterized by their physical and analytical data. This reaction may have wide applicability in building a variety of heterocycles by choosing 4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxo-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates as synthon, which has three versatile functional groups i.e., ketone, olefin and ester for the synthesis of structurally diverse organic compounds. The microbiological screening studies carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal potencies of the newly synthesized (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24 are clearly known from Tables 2 and 3. A close inspection of the in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity profile in differently electron donating (CH₃ and OCH₃) and electron withdrawing (-F, -Cl, Br and –NO₂) functional group substituted phenyl rings of novel (2E)-ethyl-2-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-6-arylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylates 17-24 exerted strong anti-bacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Compound 17 against M. luteus, compound 18 against β.H.streptococcus, compound 19 against S. typhi, K.pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, β.H.streptococcusand M. luteus, compound 20 against S. aureus, compound 21 against K. pneumoniaeand M. luteus, compound 22 against P. aeruginosa, compound 23 against P. aeruginosaand S. aureusand compound 24 against β.H.streptococcusexerted excellent antibacterial activity at a MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. Results of the anti-fungal activity study show that the nature of substituents on the phenyl ring viz., methyl, fluoro, methoxy, chloro, bromo and nitro functions at the parapositions of the aryl moieties are determinant for the nature and extent of the anti-fungal activity of all the synthesized compounds 17-24 over fungal strains namely A. flavus, A. Niger, Mucor, Rhizopusand M. gypseum. Compound 18 against Mucor, compound 19 against A. flavus, A. Niger, M. gypseum, compound 20 against Rhizopus, compound 21 against A. Niger, M. gypseum, compound 22 and 24 against both A. flavus, A .Niger and compound 23 against Mucorexhibited excellent antifungal activity a MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL. These antifungal results are about eight to four-fold increase in activity exerted by naphthylhydrazone derivatives in comparison with their standard drug, fluconazole. Results of the antimicrobial activity show that electron withdrawing substitutents like fluoro, chloro, bromo and nitro substituted derivatives exerted excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities, since electron withdrawing substituent increases the lipophilicity due to the strong electron withdrawing capability (23). Moreover, electron withdrawing substitutents namely fluorine substitution was commonly used in contemporary medicinal chemistry to improve metabolic stability, bioavailability and protein ligand interactions (24). These observations may promote a further development of our research in this field. Furthermore, the observed marked antibacterial and antifungal activities of this group of naphthylhydrazone derivatives may be considered as the key steps for the building of novel chemical entities with comparable pharmacological profiles to that of the standard drugs.