Cost-Effectiveness of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Versus Open Surgical Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review

authors:

avatar Zeinab Dolatshahi 1 , avatar Fateme Mezginejad 2 , avatar Shahin Nargesi ORCID 3 , * , avatar Moslem Saliminejad 4

Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

how to cite: Dolatshahi Z, Mezginejad F, Nargesi S, Saliminejad M. Cost-Effectiveness of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Versus Open Surgical Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review. I J Radiol. 2021;18(3):e109932. https://doi.org/10.5812/iranjradiol.109932.

Abstract

Context:

If the diameter of an aneurysm increases by more than 6 cm, the risk of aortic rupture increases by 50% within 10 years. Therefore, rupture of aneurysm, which is usually asymptomatic, can lead to severe complications and increase the risk of mortality. The current study aimed to systematically review studies comparing the cost-effective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) and open surgical repair (OSR) as the primary treatment options for patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs).

Methods:

An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, Scopus, and other scientific economic databases. Relevant articles were searched from 1999 to 2020 using keywords, such as “abdominal aortic aneurysm”, “endovascular”, “open surgery”, “rupture”, “economic evaluation”, and “cost-effectiveness”. The quality of articles was assessed using the Quality of Health Economic studies (QHES) checklist; finally, five articles were included in this review.

Results:

The results of the QHES checklist showed that most studies had a good quality. A third-party payer’s perspective was the dominant perspective in all selected studies, comparing EVAR with OSR. All studies considered the direct medical costs and did not disclose any discount rates, except for one study, reporting a 3.5% discount rate. Almost all included studies found EVAR to be a cost-effective intervention; only one study concluded that EVAR, with a cost-effectiveness ratio of €424,542, was not the best treatment option.

Conclusion:

In patients with ruptured AAAs, the EVAR intervention improved the quality of life, decreased the mortality rate, and shortened the hospital stay as compared to OSR.

1. Context

An aortic aneurysm is a peripheral enlargement or a bulging of the wall of the aorta. It occurs when a part of the aortic wall dilates and forms a bulge, or when the aortic wall diameter is at least 1.5 times larger than normal, appearing tube-shaped (fusiform) or round-shaped (saccular). An aortic aneurysm can occur anywhere in the aorta. An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occurs along a part of the aorta that passes through the abdomen (1, 2).

AAA is considered the 14th leading cause of mortality in the USA (3). Also, 4500 reported deaths are related to AAAs annually, and 1400 deaths due to 45,000 repair procedures are performed to prevent aortic ruptures (4). Clinically, the prevalence of aneurysms (> 4 cm in diameter) in men, aged 55 - 64 years, is about 1%; after this age range, the prevalence rate increases by 2% to 4% with each decade (5, 6). AAA is also four times more common in men than women (7, 8); however, it occurs in women about 10 years later than men (9). Besides, a previous study found that AAA was more common in white people than in black people (10).

The risk factors for AAAs include age, sex, race, and smoking. The risk of AAA increases significantly after the age of 60 years (5, 6). Also, the risk of aneurysm rupture is affected by several factors, including the aneurysm size, rate of dilation, and sex (11). The smaller the AAA diameter is, the lower the risk of rupture will be. In other words, for diameters < 4 cm, the rupture risk is negligible; for diameters of 4 cm - 4.9 cm, the rupture risk is only 0.5% - 5% each year; and for aneurysms with diameters of 5 cm - 7 cm and 7 cm - 8 cm, the rupture risk is 3% - 20% and 20% - 40% each year, respectively (11). Generally, the AAA rupture is associated with a high mortality rate (12). Only 50% of patients, in case of a ruptured AAA, arrive at the hospital alive, up to 50% of whom do not survive the recovery process (13); therefore, the overall mortality rate is estimated at 80% (14).

The majority of AAA patients are asymptomatic, and most diagnoses are accidental (12). AAA is treated by open surgery or endovascular interventions. Since the introduction of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in the 1990’s, the difference in the cost-effectiveness of this procedure versus open surgical repair (OSR) has been considered (15). The present study aimed to systematically evaluate the cost-effectiveness of EVAR versus OSR for AAA ruptures.

2. Methods

2.1. Search Strategy

This systematic literature review was carried out for the economic assessment of EVAR versus OSR for ruptured AAAs during 1999 - 2020. A search was performed in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science (ISI), National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHSEED), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, Health Technology Assessment (HTA) database, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).

To identify cost-effectiveness analysis studies comparing EVAR with OSR, the following Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms were searched and combined: “Abdominal aortic aneurysm”, “endovascular”, “open repair”, “rupture”, “economic evaluation”, and “cost-effectiveness”. Besides, the reference lists of articles were reviewed to find further articles. The results were reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (16, 17). This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database of York University, UK (PROSPERO registration code: RD42018088472).

2.2. Study Selection

Initially, duplicates were removed from our search list by screening the titles and abstracts of the reviewed articles. Each article was then reviewed to find content related to the treatment of AAA ruptures and economic assessment. Next, the selected articles were reviewed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and screened for further analysis. The articles were retrieved by two reviewers, and the results were compared. Agreement was reached for any discrepancy between the two reviewers through discussion with a third reviewer.

2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The following factors were considered as the inclusion criteria in this review: (1) Study designs, including complete health economic evaluation models (i.e., cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, and cost-benefit analysis); (2) study populations, including patients with ruptured AAAs; (3) interventions, including EVAR; (4) comparators, including OSR; and (5) outcomes, including quality of life (QALY), life years gained (LYG), and any outcomes for economic evaluation, such as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and cost-effectiveness.

On the other hand, the following factors were considered as the exclusion criteria: (1) Partial economic evaluation studies, such as cost-saving analysis (CSA) or cost analysis (CA); (2) non-English language studies; (3) summaries, short reports, commentaries, letters, protocols, CSAs, conference abstracts, case reports or case series, letters, comments, editorials, or review articles; (4) unavailable full-text of the article; and (5) published studies before 1999.

2.4. Quality Assessment

By using the Quality of Health Economic studies (QHES) checklist, the methodological quality of the selected studies was evaluated. The QHES is one of the preferred checklists in economic evaluation studies, which assesses both quantification and reporting standards, based on the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist (18-20). The QALY, LYG, and ICER were considered as the main outcomes of this review, which focused on comparing the use of EVAR with OSR for ruptured AAAs (20, 21).

2.5. Data Extraction and Analysis

In the present study, the search strategy was strictly based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria to find relevant articles. The main study specifications were as follows: the first author’s name, country and year of study, number of patients, mean age of patients, study model, study perspective, reported outcomes, QALY, time horizon, type of sensitivity analysis, discount rate, cost analysis, and ICER in each study. Articles were evaluated with data extracted critically. Two authors independently extracted the relevant information. A qualitative analysis was also performed to abstract the results of studies, considering the uncertainties and heterogeneity between different studies.

3. Results

3.1. Literature Search Results

Our initial search yielded 903 potentially relevant citations, 97 of which were retrieved from PubMed and 806 from other sources. After removing 586 duplicates, the titles and abstracts of the remaining 317 articles were reviewed. Also, 243 studies were removed because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Next, 74 studies were reviewed for their full-text abstracts, and 69 were removed based on the exclusion criteria, insufficient reports, or absence of an appropriate method evaluated by the QHES checklist. Finally, the remaining five studies were considered appropriate to analyze the cost-effectiveness data and the characteristics of studies. Figure 1 presents our study selection strategy, based on the PRISMA guidelines.

The process of the systematic literature search according to the PRISMA guidelines
The process of the systematic literature search according to the PRISMA guidelines

3.2. Characteristics of Studies

The general characteristics of the retrieved articles are presented in Table 1. Studies were performed in European countries, including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Ireland. Three of the studies were conducted in the UK (22-24), one was performed in the Netherlands (25), and one was carried out in Ireland (26). In most studies, the populations were slightly different, and in all studies, the diameter of AAAs was larger than 5.5 cm. Regarding the patients’ age, except for one study (25), the age of the population was above 70 years in other studies.

Table 1.

Description of Each Study Analyzed in This Review

Authors’ names and year of publicationCountryPatient numberPopulationMean age, yPerspective of the studyTime horizon, yHealth outcomesSensitivity analysisDiscount rate
Hayes et al. (22), 2010United Kingdom730AAA > 5.5 cm70Third-party payer (UK NHS)30Incremental costs per QALY gainedOne-way and multivariate sensitivity analyses-
Kapma et al. (25), 2014The Netherlands116Based on the AJAX trial-Third-party payer2 Incremental costs per QALY gainedone-way & probabilistic sensitivity analysis-
Rollins et al. (23), 2014United KingdomEVAR: 62; OSR:85Based on the IMPROVE trialEVAR:77.9; OSR:75Third-party payer (UK NHS)3 Incremental costs per QALY gained--
Powell (24), 2017United Kingdom316AAA > 8 cm76Third-party payer3Incremental costs per QALY gainedProbabilistic sensitivity analysis3.5%
Canning et al. (26), 2019Ireland88Based on the IMPROVE and AJAX trials and AAA > 7 cmEVAR:72; OSR:73Third-party payer3Incremental costs per QALY gained--

In a study by Hayes et al. (22), the largest patient population was 730 patients, while other studies had different population sizes, ranging from 60 to 316 patients. The perspective of the selected studies was not significantly different, as in all of the studies, it was a third-party payer’s perspective. The time horizon was three years in nearly all of the studies (23, 24, 26). Nevertheless, one study had a time horizon of 30 years (22), and one study had a time horizon of two years (25). The discount rate was not mentioned in most studies, except for one study that reported a 3.5% discount rate (24). In the study by Hayes et al. (22), a combination of decision tree and Markov model was used for cost-effectiveness modeling, while the trial type was mentioned in only one study (24); other studies did not specify the model applied.

The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated by QALYs in all studies. With the exception of two studies (23, 26), other studies performed a sensitivity analysis to determine the effect of ICER on the input variables. One of these studies conducted one-way and multivariate sensitivity analyses (22); one study used one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (25); and one study only performed a probabilistic sensitivity analysis (24). The ICER in the selected studies was reported in different proportions and ratios. The EVAR intervention was dominant in one study, without requiring the ICER calculation (24).

Although EVAR was not introduced as a cost-effective approach in one of the studies (23), the rest of the studies found it to be cost-effective (22, 23, 26). The findings of our study showed that all selected studies had considered the direct medical costs, including hospital admission, follow-up (outpatient appointments), cost of surgery, operating room equipment, blood products, diagnostic procedures (e.g., pathology), consultation, dialysis, physiotherapy, imaging procedures (e.g., duplex CT imaging), and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Ward Stay. However, one study did not define the exact costs (Table 2) (24).

Table 2.

The Economic Evaluation Indices of the Studies

Study/CitationPrice yearStudy modelType of costThresholdIncremental costsIncremental QALYs /LY gainedIncremental cost per QALY gained (ICER)Is EVAR cost-effective?
Hayes et al. (22), 20102010(£)Decision tree and Markov modelLength of hospital stay, ICU stay, and surgery time£20,000 - £30,000-£1508 ($2262)0.64£-2,359Yes
Kapma et al. (25), 20142010 (€)-Direct and indirect medical costs: Surgery, equipment, blood products, hospital admission, diagnostics, and others (e.g., pathology, consultation, dialysis, and physiotherapy)€80,00030 day: €5,306; 6 months: €10,1890.02630 day: €120,591 6 months: €424,542No
Rollins et al. (23), 20142013 (€)-Direct medical costs: Surgery, equipment, blood products, hospital admission, and follow-up (outpatient appointments, CT scan, duplex imaging, ICU stay, and ward stay)-€-2,0270.43€-4933/QALYYes
Powell (24), 20172013 (£)Trial-£30,000£-2,6050.166/0.115D+Yes
Canning et al. (26), 20192016 (€)-Direct medical costs: Operating room, equipment, and hospital admission-2,8580.122€23,426The IMPROVE trial found EVAR to be cost-effective, and the AJAX trial found EVAR to be unaffordable.

3.3. Quality assessment of studies

The quality assessment of five studies, based on five questions in the QHES checklist, is presented in Table 3. Each question in the QHES checklist has a specific weight and scoring method (from 0 to 100). Studies were divided into one of the following four categories, based on the obtained score: 0 - 24, poor quality; 25 - 50, low quality; 51 - 74, good or average quality; and 75 - 100, excellent quality. According to the results, all studies met the checklist items. One study showed an average quality (26), while other studies were found to have excellent quality.

Table 3.

Quality Assessment of Studies Based on the QHES Checklist

ItemStudyHayes et al. (22), 2010Kapma et al. (25), 2014Rollins et al. (23), 2014Powell (24), 2017Canning et al. (26), 2019
1Study objectiveYYYYY
2PerspectiveYYYYY
3Study designYYYYY
4Subgroup analysisYYYYY
5Sensitivity analysisYYNYN
6ICER between alternativesYYYYY
7Data abstractionYYYYY
8DiscountNNNYN
9Cost measurementYYYYY
10Economic outcomesYYYYY
11Health outcome reliabilityYYYYY
12Calculation procedureYYYYY
13LimitationsYYYYN
14Potential biasNNYNN
15ConclusionYYYYY
16FundingYNNYN
87%84%81%94%71%

4. Discussion

This study is the first systematic review that comprehensively evaluates the cost-effectiveness of OSR for AAA ruptures versus EVAR. We systematically reviewed the results of five validated studies and concluded that EVAR could be a more cost-effective intervention than OSR for patients with ruptured AAA.

In a study by Hayes et al. with a 30-year time horizon (22), the average cost was $26,133 for EVAR and $28,395 for OSR. Also, the quality of life of patients undergoing EVAR was higher than that of OSR patients (3.09 vs. 2.04). According to the results of this study, EVAR improves the short-term survival rate and reduces the length of stay in the ICU compared to OSR. No short-term complications occurred in the OSR group, and treatment costs showed no change in this group. The researchers concluded that at a threshold of 30,000 - 45,000/QALY, EVAR could be considered a cost-effective method.

Different variables can affect the cost-effectiveness outcomes of EVAR compared to OSR. The results of a sensitivity analysis by Hayes et al. (22) showed that some parameters, such as the length of stay in the ICU, transfer of blood products, and cost of EVAR device, contribute to cost-effectiveness. Besides, the most important factor affecting the ICER was the length of stay in the hospital or ICU. On the other hand, a study by Kapma et al. (25), by performing a one-way probabilistic sensitivity analysis, showed that the most important factor in EVAR was the cost of stent. In other words, if the cost of stent reduced by 25%, the total direct medical costs could be €30,768 and €39,377 during 30 days and six months, respectively, leading to differences of €3,332 and €8,215 versus OSR, respectively. Also, if the cost of stent reduced by 50%, the direct medical cost of EVAR would reach €1,470 in 30 days and € 6,354 in six months. The results of this study showed that at a threshold of €80,000, the cost-effectiveness of EVAR was 25%.

In this systematic review, the included studies used different types of data. For example, in a study by Powell (24), an IMPROVE trial, with a maximum follow-up period of 7.1 years, reported an average hospital stay of 14.4 days in the EVAR group and 20.5 days in the OSR group. Also, the patients' quality of life improved over three years in the EVAR group, with no increase in the re-intervention. The cost of EVAR was £16,878, and the cost of OSR was £19,483; the incremental net benefit was -£7,637. At a willingness to pay of £30,000, EVAR is probably 90% more cost-effective.

In a study by Kapma et al. (25), the researchers used the data of Amsterdam Acute Aneurysm (AJAX) trial and found that the six-month EVAR mortality rate was lower than that of OSR. The 30-day mortality rate was 21% for EVAR and 25% for OSR, while at six months, the corresponding rate was 28% for EVAR versus 31% for OSR. Although in this study, EVAR was more effective than OSR, due to its higher cost, it could not be considered a cost-effective option with respect to the level of people’s willingness to pay. During six months, the average total cost was €41,350 for EVAR and €31,161 for OSR. The average cost difference between the two groups was €5,306 over 30 days and €10,189 over six months. However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of quality of life.

In a study by Canning et al. (26), the data of both AJAX and IMPROVE clinical trials were examined. Based on the AJAX trial, the endovascular intervention was not cost-effective, whereas it was considered cost-effective in the IMPROVE trial. However, in these two trials, the quality of life of the endovascular group was higher than that of the OSR group (1.67 vs. 1.54). Since the indirect costs and direct non-medical costs were not investigated in the selected studies, there were uncertainties in evaluating the economic costs of these interventions. Obviously, this disease imposes indirect costs on the patients and their families, which increases the treatment costs.

Overall, generalization of the present results should be avoided due to some limitations, such as cost heterogeneity between different countries and healthcare systems, which is an inherent feature of economic evaluation studies; lack of sufficient long-term economic evaluation studies; different time horizons; and different follow-up periods. Therefore, researchers must conduct further studies according to local standards to consider the characteristics of each healthcare system, as well as the conditions of each country, while generalizing and using the results.

Regarding the crisis of inadequate health resources around the world, evidence-based decision-making is more necessary than ever. Economic evaluation of health interventions, especially cost-effectiveness analysis, has been considered as a necessary tool for an evidence-based economic evaluation to determine which drug or treatment is the most cost-effective. The study of cost-effectiveness is important for selecting a treatment method with lower costs and higher effectiveness. Therefore, by proposing more cost-effective treatment methods and emphasizing on their application for patients, health system resources can be maintained. Besides, the present finding can provide new evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of treatments and help physicians and clinicians to select appropriate interventions. The results of this study can also help health policymakers, planners, and insurance organizations in allocating resources and making reimbursement decisions.

4.1. Limitations

Because of some limitations in database access and language restrictions, only the English literature was reviewed. The literature on this subject is very limited, and studies have been conducted in only nine countries, mostly high-income ones. Nonetheless, different countries have different healthcare, medical insurance, and reimbursement systems, as well as willingness-to-pay thresholds and gross domestic product. Therefore, there are certain limitations in extrapolating the data under review, and further studies are required in different countries, especially low-income ones, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of EVAR in the treatment of patients with ruptured AAAs.

5. Conclusions

The results of the present study showed an improvement in the quality of life and a reduction in mortality and length of hospital stay among patients with ruptured AAAs undergoing EVAR compared to those undergoing OSR. The cost-effectiveness of EVAR has increased over time due to the development of high-quality medical equipment and the gradual improvement of physician experience and skills. Previous studies have been mostly performed in high-income countries, while the specific conditions of each country and the characteristics of each healthcare system should be considered for generalizing the results.

Acknowledgements

References

  • 1.

    Johnston KW, Rutherford RB, Tilson MD, Shah DM, Hollier L, Stanley JC. Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1991;13(3):452-8. [PubMed ID: 1999868]. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.1991.26737.

  • 2.

    Thompson RW, Geraghty PJ, Lee JK. Abdominal aortic aneurysms: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. Curr Probl Surg. 2002;39(2):110-230. [PubMed ID: 11884965]. https://doi.org/10.1067/msg.2002.121421.

  • 3.

    Silverberg E, Boring CC, Squires TS. Cancer statistics, 1990. CA: A Cancer J Clin. 1990;40(1):9-26. https://doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.40.1.9.

  • 4.

    McPhee JT, Hill JS, Eslami MH. The impact of gender on presentation, therapy, and mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm in the United States, 2001-2004. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(5):891-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.01.043.

  • 5.

    Singh K, Bonaa KH, Jacobsen BK, Bjork L, Solberg S. Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study : The Tromso Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154(3):236-44. [PubMed ID: 11479188]. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.3.236.

  • 6.

    Powell JT, Greenhalgh RM. Small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 2017;348(19):1895-901. https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s8-VIII.201.348b.

  • 7.

    Scott RA, Wilson NM, Ashton HA, Kay DN. Influence of screening on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 5-year results of a randomized controlled study. Br J Surg. 1995;82(8):1066-70. [PubMed ID: 7648155]. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800820821.

  • 8.

    Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE. Abdominal aortic aneurysm in women. J Vasc Surg. 2001;34(1):122-6. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.115275.

  • 9.

    McFarlane MJ. The epidemiologic necropsy for abdominal aortic aneurysm. JAMA. 1991;265(16):2085-8. [PubMed ID: 2013928].

  • 10.

    Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, Chute EP, Hye RJ, Makaroun MS, et al. The aneurysm detection and management study screening program: validation cohort and final results. Aneurysm Detection and Management Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Investigators. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(10):1425-30. [PubMed ID: 10826454]. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.10.1425.

  • 11.

    Brewster DC, Cronenwett JL, Hallett JJ, Johnston KW, Krupski WC, Matsumura JS, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Report of a subcommittee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37(5):1106-17. [PubMed ID: 12756363]. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2003.363.

  • 12.

    Aggarwal S, Qamar A, Sharma V, Sharma A. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A comprehensive review. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2011;16(1):11-5. [PubMed ID: 21523201]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3076160].

  • 13.

    Harris LM, Faggioli GL, Fiedler R, Curl GR, Ricotta JJ. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: factors affecting mortality rates. J Vasc Surg. 1991;14(6):812-8. discussion 819-20. [PubMed ID: 1960812]. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.1991.33494.

  • 14.

    Gawenda M, Brunkwall J. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: the state of play. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012;109(43):727-32. [PubMed ID: 23181137]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC3498473]. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2012.0727.

  • 15.

    Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, Bakal CW, Creager MA, Halperin JL, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006;113(11):e463-654. [PubMed ID: 16549646]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174526.

  • 16.

    Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Prisma Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7). e1000097. [PubMed ID: 19621072]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC2707599]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.

  • 17.

    Rezapour A, Nargesi S, Mezginejad F, Rashki Kemmak A, Bagherzadeh R. The Economic Burden of Cancer in Iran during 1995-2019: A Systematic Review. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(1):35-45. [PubMed ID: 34178762]. [PubMed Central ID: PMC8213609]. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i1.5070.

  • 18.

    Motheral B. Assessing the value of the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES). J Manag Care Pharm. 2003;9(1):86-7. [PubMed ID: 14613368]. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.1.86.

  • 19.

    Ofman JJ, Sullivan SD, Neumann PJ, Chiou CF, Henning JM, Wade SW, et al. Examining the value and quality of health economic analyses: implications of utilizing the QHES. J Manag Care Pharm. 2003;9(1):53-61. [PubMed ID: 14613362]. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2003.9.1.53.

  • 20.

    Nargesi S, Abutorabi A, Alipour V, Tajdini M, Salimi J. Cost-Effectiveness of Endovascular Versus Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Systematic Review. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021;35(4):829-39. [PubMed ID: 33559809]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-020-07130-6.

  • 21.

    Nargesi S, Rezapour A, Souresrafil A, Dolatshahi Z, Khodaparast F. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pulse Oximetry Screening in the Full-Term Neonates for Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review. Iran J Pediatr. 2020;30(5). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijp.105393.

  • 22.

    Hayes PD, Sadat U, Walsh SR, Noorani A, Tang TY, Bowden DJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of endovascular versus open surgical repair of acute abdominal aortic aneurysms based on worldwide experience. J Endovasc Ther. 2010;17(2):174-82. [PubMed ID: 20426633]. https://doi.org/10.1583/09-2941.1.

  • 23.

    Rollins KE, Shak J, Ambler GK, Tang TY, Hayes PD, Boyle JR. Mid-term cost-effectiveness analysis of open and endovascular repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg. 2014;101(3):225-31. [PubMed ID: 24469621]. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9409.

  • 24.

    Powell JT. Comparative clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of endovascular strategy v open repair for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: three year results of the IMPROVE randomised trial. BMJ. 2017;359:j4859. [PubMed ID: 29138135]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4859.

  • 25.

    Kapma MR, Dijksman LM, Reimerink JJ, de Groof AJ, Zeebregts CJ, Wisselink W, et al. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of endovascular versus open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in the Amsterdam Acute Aneurysm Trial. Br J Surg. 2014;101(3):208-15. [PubMed ID: 24469619]. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9356.

  • 26.

    Canning P, Tawfick W, Kamel K, Hynes N, Sultan S. Q-TWiST and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Endovascular versus Open Repair for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in a High Deliberate Practice Volume Center. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;56:163-74. [PubMed ID: 30476604]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2018.08.091.