https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm.117787

COVID-19 in Southeast Asia

authors:

avatar Leila Moradi ORCID 1 , *

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Journal of Archives in Military Medicine: Vol.9, issue 3; e117787
published online: September 13, 2021
article type: Brief Report
received: July 10, 2021
accepted: August 11, 2021

How To Cite Moradi L. COVID-19 in Southeast Asia. J Arch Mil Med. 2021;9(3):e117787. https://doi.org/10.5812/jamm.117787.

Abstract

Background:

The emerging disease COVID-19 was first identified in China in late 2019. It soon spread to most countries and continents. The symptoms of this disease range from asymptomatic to severe and fatal. This disease is now an important pandemic and has created an emergency in the world.

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Southeast Asia.

Methods:

This ecological study describes the epidemiological features of COVID-19 in southeastern Asia. Data related to identified definite cases and deaths due to this disease along with other information were extracted from the reports of the World Health Organization and imported to SPSS software. The case fatality rate was calculated separately for each country.

Results:

The highest number of reported cases of this disease was 30,458,251 in India, and the highest number of death was in this country with 400,312 cases, and the highest mortality rate was in Indonesia with 2.67%.

Conclusions:

Using masks and observing social distance and quarantine rules, as well as upgrading diagnostic and laboratory equipment to identify patients, are effective ways to prevent COVID-19 transmission.

1. Background

A severe respiratory illness of unknown origin was reported in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Epidemiological studies have shown that the primary source of this disease has been a major seafood market (1, 2). The disease spread rapidly to other Chinese provinces and around the world (3). The respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus was later named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (4). In March 2020, a pandemic of the disease was officially declared by the World Health Organization (5). Most patients had symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath for two to 14 days after exposure to the virus (4). Other symptoms of this disease in mild to moderate cases are loss of smell and taste. However, in some cases of severe disease, the patient needs hospitalization and ventilation support, which potentially leads to death (6). Risk factors for severe COVID-19 are obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Kidney disease, cancer, and high blood pressure also increase the risk of developing the severe disease (7-9). The pandemic led to quarantine and traffic restrictions, which have had a mixed effect on different economies (10). Today, COVID- 19 is considered a major threat to human health worldwide because it has high infectivity and case fatality rate. Epidemiological models predict that deaths from COVID-19 in densely populated countries could reach as many as one million (11).

2. Objectives

This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Southeast Asia.

3. Methods

The initial data of this study, which included information about the total identified definite cases, total definite deaths due to COVID-19, and the population of the countries, were extracted from the reports of the World Health Organization from the beginning to July 2, 2021, using SPSS 24 software (12, 13). Also, the case fatality rate was obtained using the following formula (14): case fatality rate (percent) = (No of individuals dying during a specified period after disease onset or diagnosis/of the individuals with the specified disease) × 100.

4. Results

The total number of countries in the region was 11 countries according to the World Health Organization classification. Data from definitive cases and deaths caused by COVID-19 in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea were not included in the World Health Organization reports. The most populous country in this region is India, with 1,324,171,000 people, and the least populous country is the Maldives, with 428,000 people. The highest confirmed cases of COVID-19 in this region were in India, with 30,458,251 cases, and the lowest confirmed cases of COVID-19 were related to Bhutan with 2,122 cases. The highest mortality rate was in Indonesia with 2.67%, and the lowest in Bhutan with 0.05% (Table 1).

Table 1.

Frequency Distribution of Identified Definite Cases and Definite Cases of Death and Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19 in Southeast Asia

CountryPopulationTotal Cases of COVID-19Total Deaths of COVID-19Case Fatality Rates
India1324171000304582514003121.31
Indonesia2611150002228938595342.67
Bangladesh162952000930042147781.59
Nepal2898300064205391791.43
Thailand6886400027092121410.79
Sri Lanka2079800026097230631.17
Myanmar5288500016121033642.09
Maldives428000739312130.29
Timor-Le12690009361240.26
Bhutan798000212210.05

5. Discussion

According to the results of this study, the most definite cases identified in Southeast Asia belonged to the three countries of India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, in sequence. According to a study by Gupta et al. on COVID-19 in India, the expansion of COVID-19 varied from state to state. One of the reasons was the wide latitude in this country. According to the findings of spatial distribution, the transmission of this disease is high in semi-arid and wet provinces, and temperature, rainfall, and more trips to these areas are effective factors in the transmission of the disease in these areas (15). The results of a study by Kumar and Kumar on COVID-19 in India showed that the high population of this country, which has a high population density, and lack of medical and laboratory equipment, are factors leading to low patient identification and increased transmission rate. Also, the restriction of traffic and the imposition of quarantine will cause great damage to the economy, logistics, and pharmaceutical sectors of this country (16). According to the results of a study by Sutaryono et al., which examined the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Indonesia, the disease was more common in men, and its severe cases occurred mainly in patients with hypertension and diabetes, as well as cardiovascular patients. The country has been on a large scale in reducing disease transmission, implementing health protocols, and social restrictions policies (17). A study by Islam et al., which surveyed COVID-19 in Bangladesh, found that medical equipment in the country was inadequate and there was a shortage of ventilators and diagnostic facilities, as well as quarantine rules and traffic restrictions, and the experience of an economic crisis in addition to the health crisis (18). According to the findings of this study, the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia has also been associated with high mortality and morbidity, and the only way of preventing is the use of masks and observing the distance. Due to the significant shortage of diagnostic equipment in most countries in the region, it is recommended that the World Health Organization takes effective measures in this regard.

References