The Effects of Prenatal Norharman Exposure on Seizure Severity in Rats

authors:

avatar mohammad sofiabadi 1

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
Warning: No corresponding author defined!
Journal of Inflammatory Diseases: Vol.25, issue 1; 19-24
article type: issue_documents_importer

how to cite: sofiabadi M. The Effects of Prenatal Norharman Exposure on Seizure Severity in Rats. J Inflamm Dis. 2021;25(1):e156261. 

Abstract

Background: Norhraman is an alkaloid that can damage the nervous system. Objective: This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal norharman exposure on seizure severity in adult rats. Methods: A total of 36 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups as follows: Control, sham (solvent), and norharman (1000 ug/kg). The sham and norharman groups were treated once daily for 8-18 of the fetal period. 2 months after birth, kindling was performed by the daily injection of Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (30 mg/kg); then, the seizure behavior was recorded for approximately 30 minutes. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s posthoc test. Results: The present study data indicated that administrating norharman in the fetal period increased seizure responses to PTZ, i.e., significant in the examined female rats (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the current research findings, the severity of seizures increases in subjects who have been exposed to norharman during the prenatal period.

References

  • 1.

    Freestone DR, Karoly PJ, Cook MJ. A forward-looking review of seizure prediction. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017; 30(2):167-73. [DOI:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000429] [PMID].

  • 2.

    Martindale JL, Goldstein JN, Pallin DJ. Emergency department seizure epidemiology. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011; 29(1):15-27. [DOI:10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.002] [PMID].

  • 3.

    Bhalla D, Godet B, Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM. Etiologies of epilepsy: A comprehensive review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011; 11(6):861-76. [DOI:10.1586/ern.11.51] [PMID].

  • 4.

    Stafstrom CE. Pathophysiological mechanisms of seizures and epilepsy: A primer. In: Rho J, Sankar R, Stafstrom CE, editors. Epilepsy: Mechanisms, Models, and Translational Perspectives. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2010. pp. 3-19. https:// books.google.com/books?id=8prMBQAAQBAJ&dq.

  • 5.

    Wilden JA, Cohen-Gadol AA. Evaluation of first nonfebrile seizures. Am Fam Physician. 2012; 86(4):334-40. [PMID].

  • 6.

    Havasimehr M, Saffarzadeh F, Divanbeigi A, Karimzadeh F. A review on the animal models of seizure: Review article. Tehran Univ Med J. 2018; 76(2):79-89. [In Persian] http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/article-1-8767-en.html.

  • 7.

    Karimzadeh F, Jafarian M, Gharakhani M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Mohamadzadeh E, Khallaghi B, et al. Behavioural and histopathological assessment of the effects of periodic fasting on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2013; 16(4):147-52. [DOI:10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000039] [PMID].

  • 8.

    Karimzadeh F, Modarres Mousavi SM, Ghadiri T, Jafarian M, Soleimani M, Mohammad Sadeghi Sh, et al. The modulatory effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor type-1 on spike-wave discharges in WAG/Rij rats. Mol Neurobiol. 2017; 54(2):846-54. [DOI:10.1007/s12035-016-9692-x] [PMID].

  • 9.

    Piechowska P, Zawirska-Wojtasiak R, Mildner-Szkudlarz S. Bioactive -carbolines in food: A review. Nutrients. 2019; 11(4):814. [DOI:10.3390/nu11040814] [PMID] [PMCID].

  • 10.

    Cao R, Peng W, Wang Z, Xu A. -carboline alkaloids: Biochemical and pharmacological functions. Curr Med Chem. 2007; 14(4):479-500. [DOI:10.2174/092986707779940998] [PMID].

  • 11.

    Farzin D, Mansouri SN. Evaluation of anti-depressant activities of harmane, norharmane and harmine in mice. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2004; 6(2):1-9. [In Persian] http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-194-en.html.

  • 12.

    Esmaeili MH, Sofiabadi M, Haghdost H, Lotfi A, Najafi M. Effects of norharmane on memory retention in passive avoidance learning in rats. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2015; 22(5):862-9. [In Persian] http://jsums.medsab.ac.ir/article_765.html.

  • 13.

    Farzin D, Kalantari P, Zaer H. Effects of harmane, norharman and harmine on the hot-plate and formalin-induced nociception in mice. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2012; 22(87):87-95. [In Persian] http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-1292-en.html.

  • 14.

    Morin AM, Watson AL, Wasterlain CG. Kindling of seizures with norharman, a -carboline ligand of benzodiazepine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1983; 88(1):131-4.[DOI:10.1016/0014-2999(83)90402-8].

  • 15.

    Esmaeili M, Hassani M, Ashouri M, Amanea Goragi R, Mosavi F. Effects of chronic administration of norharman on spatial learning and memory in female rats. J Inflamm Dis. 2014; 18(2):39-45. [In Persian] http://journal.qums.ac.ir/article-1-1566-en.html.

  • 16.

    Bonnet R, Pavlovic S, Lehmann J, Rommelspacher H. The strong inhibition of triosephosphate isomerase by the natural beta-carbolines may explain their neurotoxic actions. Neuroscience. 2004; 127(2):443-53. [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.002][PMID].

  • 17.

    Naga T, Yoshimura S, Totsuka Y, Wakabayashi K. Maternal and developmental toxicity in mice by aminophenylnorharman, formed from norharman and aniline. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2002; 21(3):147-51. [DOI:10.1191/0960327102ht227oa] [PMID].

  • 18.

    Pivina SG, Shamolina TS, Akulova VK, Ordian NE. Sensitiveness to social stress in female rats with alteration of the pituitary-adrenal axis stress reactivity. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2007; 93(11):1319-25. [In Russian] [PMID].

  • 19.

    Rssler AS, Schrder H, Dodd RH, Chapouthier G, Grecksch G. Benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist-induced kindling of rats alters learning and glutamate binding. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000; 67(1):169-75.[DOI:10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00312-9].

  • 20.

    lamberov R, Schindler CJ, Pometlov M, Urkuti C, Purow-Sokol JA, Vathy I. Prenatal morphine exposure differentially alters learning and memory in male and female rats. Physiol Behav. 2001; 73(1-2):93-103. [DOI:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00469-3] [PMID].

  • 21.

    Chiou LC, Yeh GC, Fan SH, How CH, Chuang KC, Tao PL. Prenatal morphine exposure decreases analgesia but not K+ channel activation. Neuroreport. 2003; 14(2):239-42.[DOI:10.1097/00001756-200302100-00016] [PMID].

  • 22.

    Gagin R, Cohen E, Shavit Y. Prenatal exposure to morphine alters analgesic responses and preference for sweet solutions in adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996; 55(4):629-34.[DOI:10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00278-X].

  • 23.

    Haghdoost Yazdi H, Movahedi M, Faraji A, Sofiabadi M. Norharman exacerbates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinsons disease but cannot establish it alone. Physiol Pharmacol. 2011; 15(2):261-7. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=147827.

  • 24.

    Ho YH, Lin YT, Wu CW, Chao YM, Chang AYW, Chan JYH. Peripheral inflammation increases seizure susceptibility via the induction of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. J Biomed Sci. 2015; 22(1):46.[DOI:10.1186/s12929-015-0157-8] [PMID] [PMCID].

  • 25.

    Roland BP, Stuchul KA, Larsen SB, Amrich CG, Vandemark AP, Celotto AM, et al. Evidence of a triosephosphate isomerase non-catalytic function crucial to behavior and longevity. J Cell Sci. 2013; 126(14):3151-8. [DOI:10.1242/jcs.124586] [PMID] [PMCID].

  • 26.

    Wroska AK, Bogu MI. Harman and norharman, metabolites of the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophthorales), affect the serotonin levels and phagocytic activity of hemocytes, insect immunocompetent cells, in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Cell Biosci. 2019; 9:29. [DOI:10.1186/s13578-019-0291-1] [PMID] [PMCID].

  • 27.

    Beyrouty P, Stamler CJ, Liu JN, Loua KM, Kubow S, Chan HM. Effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure on brain monoamine oxidase activity and neurobehaviour of rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2006; 28(2):251-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ntt.2005.12.007][PMID]##.