Interactive effect of regular aerobic training and milk consumption on some inflammatory markers and lipid profile in overweight boys

authors:

avatar parvin farzanegi ORCID , * , avatar mehdi samiee , avatar zeinab sabbaghian

Koomesh: Vol.17, issue 3; 627-635
published online: September 28, 2016
article type: Research Article
received: May 01, 2015
accepted: October 02, 2015

how to cite: farzanegi P, samiee M, sabbaghian Z. Interactive effect of regular aerobic training and milk consumption on some inflammatory markers and lipid profile in overweight boys. koomesh. 2016;17(3):e151210. 

Abstract

Introduction: Several studies have reported the protective effects of aerobic training and milk consumption in obese people, but the exact mechanisms of its effect on the inflammatory markers is not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the interactive effect of eight weeks regular aerobic training and milk consumption on levels of endothelin-1, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, Galectin, and lipid profile in immature overweight boys. Materials and Methods: In a quasi-experimental study 28 boys (8 to 12 years old) with BMI≥25 were selected and divided into 4 groups including exercise, milk, exercise-milk and control randomly. Exercise training was done with 45 to 60% of maximum heart rate during 8 weeks (3 sessions per weeks).Supplement consumer groups received 236 ml low fat milk per day. Before and after 8 weeks, blood sample were collected during the 14 hour fasting condition to measure the inflammatory markers and lipid profiles. Results: After eight weeks of supplementation and exercise, the mean concentrations of endothelin, galectin and IL-6 decreased, and nitric oxide increased. Most of the changes occurred in exercise-supplement group. VLDL, LDL and TG concentrations were decreased, though in contrast, HDL level was increased (P

References

  • 1.

    Rees A, Thomas N, Brophy S, Knox G, Williams R. Cross sectional study of childhood obesity and prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in children aged 11-13. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 86.

  • 2.

    Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, Merchant AT. Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutr J 2005; 4: 24.

  • 3.

    Reither EN, Hauser RM, Swallen KC. Predicting adult health and mortality from adolescent facial characteristics in yearbook photographs. Demography 2009; 46: 27-41.

  • 4.

    Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana MV, Li-Yu J, Schollum LM, Kruger MC. High-calcium milk prevents overweight and obesity among postmenopausal women. Food Nutr Bull 2010; 31: 381-390.

  • 5.

    Nacci C, Leo V, De Benedictis L, Carrat MR, Bartolomeo N, Altomare M. Elevated endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels may contribute to hypoadiponectinemia in childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98: E683-E693.

  • 6.

    Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 461S-465S.

  • 7.

    Fernndez-Snchez A, Madrigal-Santilln E, Bautista M, Esquivel-Soto J, Morales-Gonzlez A, Esquivel-Chirino C, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12: 3117-3132.

  • 8.

    Fonseca-Alaniz MH, Takada J, Alonso-Vale MI, Lima FB. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: From theory to practice. J Pediatr 2007; 83: 192-203.

  • 9.

    Cavalera M, Wang J, Frangogiannis NG. Obesity, metabolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis: pathophysiologic pathways, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Translat Res 2014; 164: 323-335.

  • 10.

    Qassemian A, M KJ. The effect of 12 weeks of intermittent aerobic exercise on endothelin-1 concentration of plasma in adult rats. J Jahrom Univ Med Sci 2013; 11: 1-6. (Persian).

  • 11.

    MacKinnon AC, Liu X, Hadoke PW, Miller MR, Newby DE, Sethi T. Inhibition of galectin-3 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Glycobiology 2013; 23: 654-663.

  • 12.

    Yang RY, Rabinovich GA, Liu FT. Galectins: structure, function and therapeutic potential. Expert Rev Mol Med 2008; 10: 1-24.

  • 13.

    Hoefle G, Saely CH, Risch L, Koch L, Schmid F, Rein P, et al. Relationship between the adipose-tissue hormone resistin and coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 389: 1-6.

  • 14.

    Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ. Reductions in plasma cytokine levels with weight loss improve insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1699-1705.

  • 15.

    Watts K, Jones TW, Davis EA, Green D. Exercise training in obese children and adolescents. Sports Med 2005; 35: 375-392.

  • 16.

    Klover PJ, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG, Mooney RA. Chronic exposure to interleukin-6 causes hepatic insulin resistance in mice. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2784-2789.

  • 17.

    Kelly AS, Steinberger J, Olson TP, Dengel DR. In the absence of weight loss, exercise training does not improve adipokines or oxidative stress in overweight children. Metabl Clin Exp 2007; 56: 1005-1059.

  • 18.

    Kelishadi R, Hashemi M, Mohammadifard N, Asgary S, Khavarian N. Association of changes in oxidative and proinflammatory states with changes in vascular function after a lifestyle modification trial among obese children. Am Assoc Clin Chem 2008; 54: 147-153.

  • 19.

    Maranho PA, Kraemer-Aguiar LG, de Oliveira CL, Kuschnir MC, Vieira YR, Souza MG, et al. Brazil nuts intake improves lipid profile, oxidative stress and microvascular function in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab 2011; 8: 32.

  • 20.

    Pena AS, Wiltshire E, Gent R, Piotto L, Hirte C, Couper J. Folic acid does not improve endothelial function in obese children and adolescents. Diab Care 2007; 30: 2122-2127.

  • 21.

    Fulgoni III VL, Keast DR, Quann EE, Auestad N. Food sources of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and potassium in the US. The FASEB Journal. 2010; 24(1_MeetingAbstracts):325.1.

  • 22.

    Moslehi F, Farzanegi P, Mousavi SJ. Effect of one term aerobic exercise with milk consumption on GLUT 4, Glucose and Insulin in prebupertal overweight boys. Biol Sports Sci J 2013; 16: 93-107. (Persian).

  • 23.

    Zemel MB, Sun X. Dietary calcium and dairy products modulate oxidative and inflammatory stress in mice and humans. J Nutr 2008; 138: 1047-1052.

  • 24.

    St-Onge MP, Goree LL, Gower B. High-milk supplementation with healthy diet counseling does not affect weight loss but ameliorates insulin action compared with low-milk supplementation in overweight children. J Nutr 2009; 139: 933-938.

  • 25.

    Drouin-Chartier JP, Gagnon J, Labont M, Desroches S, Charest A, Grenier G, et al. Impact of milk consumption on cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. Nutr J 2015; 14: 12.

  • 26.

    Farzanegi P, Amanzadeh E. Effect of aerobic exercise on Endothelin-1, C-Reactive protein and nitric oxide in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Razi J Med Sci 2014; 21: 27-35.

  • 27.

    Templeton Danielle L, Weil Brian R, Greiner Jared J, Stauffer Brian L, A. DC. Regular aerobic exercise reduces endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor activity in overweight/obese adults. J Clin Hyperten 2012; 14: 19-22.

  • 28.

    Park J, Omi N. The effects of different exercise modes for preventing endothelial dysfunction of arteries and bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Exerc Nutr Biochem 2014; 18: 133.

  • 29.

    Nosarev AV, Smagliy LV, Anfinogenova Y, Popov SV, Kapilevich LV. Exercise and NO production: relevance and implications in the cardiopulmonary system. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 2: 73.

  • 30.

    Ballard KD, Mah E, Guo Y, Pei R, Volek JS, Bruno RS. Low-fat milk ingestion prevents postprandial hyperglycemia-mediated impairments in vascular endothelial function in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2013; 143: 1602-1610.

  • 31.

    Farzanegi P, Azarbaijani MA, Manouchehr K. Effects of regular aerobic exercise combined with milk consumption on angiotensin II, ACE and AT1 levels in obese prepubertal boys. Iranian J Health Phys Activ 2014; 5: 43-49.

  • 32.

    Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. Exercise and endothelial function: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 102: 87-96.

  • 33.

    Bourque SL, Davidge ST, Adams MA. The interaction between endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in the vasculature: new perspectives. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300: R1288-R1295.

  • 34.

    Galassetti PR, Rosa JS, Heydari S, Oliver SR, Flores RL, Pontello AM, et al. Inflammatory cytokine profiles during exercise in obese, diabetic, and healthy children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2011; 3: 115.

  • 35.

    Stancliffe RA, Thorpe T, Zemel MB. Dairy attentuates oxidative and inflammatory stress in metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 422-430.

  • 36.

    Rosa JS, Heydari S, Oliver SR, Flores RL, Pontello AM, Ibardolaza M, Galassetti PR. Inflammatory cytokine profiles during exercise in obese, diabetic, and healthy children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2011; 3: 115-121.

  • 37.

    Liu M, Gillis LJ, Persadie NR, Atkinson SA, Phillips SM, Timmons BW. Effects of short-term exercise Training With and Without Milk Intake on cardiometabolic and inflammatory adaptations in obese adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2015; 27: 518-524.

  • 38.

    van Meijl LE, Mensink RP. Effects of low fat dairy consumption on markers of low-grade systemic inflammation and endothelial function in overweight and obese subjects: an intervention study. Br J Nutr 2010; 104: 1523-1527.

  • 39.

    Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: Mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 607-615.

  • 40.

    Rosado JL, Garcia OP, Ronquillo D, Hervert-Hernndez D, Caamao Mdel C, Martnez G, et al. Intake of milk with added micronutrients increases the effectiveness of an energy-restricted diet to reduce body weight: a randomized controlled clinical trial in Mexican women. J Am Diet Assoc 2011; 111: 1507-1516.

  • 41.

    Abreu S, Santos R, Moreira C, Santos PC, Vale S, Soares-Miranda L, Mota J, Moreira P. Milk intake is inversely related to body mass index and body fat in girls. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 1467-1474.

  • 42.

    Noel SE, Ness AR, Northstone K, Emmett P, Newby PK. Milk intakes are not associated with percent body fat in children from ages 10 to 13 years. J Nutr 2011; 141: 2035-2041.