1. Background
Mental health refers to “personal and social adjustment and the absence of pathologic signs, symptoms, and syndromes” (1). Good mental health is the successful performance of mental functions that leads to productive activity, effective communication with others, and the ability to adapt to changes and coping with incompatibilities. Mental health is necessary for personal well-being, interpersonal and family relationships, and community participation. It paves the way for thinking, communication skills, learning, emotional growth, resilience, and self-esteem (2).
There are worries about students’ mental health around the world (3). In Iran, the number of students with mental health problems is reported to vary from 40% to 75% in different studies (4-6). These disorders can negatively affect students’ ability to achieve educational objectives, reduce their productivity, and cause them to be absent from class (7). Contrarily, good mental health is significantly associated with the greater sense of well-being, higher quality of life, better academic performance, lower use of drugs, and lower prevalence of depression among young people (8).
Mental health is determined by different factors such as emotional breakdown, cigarette smoking, drug abuse, disinterest in the field of study, the despair of the future (9), and low income (10). A study reported a strong correlation between students’ mental health and family support (11). Another factor behind students’ mental health is educational activities, which separate students from their families, expose them to other persons, places, and cultures, and can cause them to be involved with different problems such as the sense of homesickness (12).
Homesickness is the willingness to return to the previous familiar environment (13). Around 83% - 95% of people who move away from their families to a new environment experience some levels of homesickness (14). Mild homesickness can promote healthy attachment behaviors and coping skills (13); however, prolonged unresolved homesickness may cause adjustment disorders (15). The severity of homesickness is determined by factors such as age, gender, resilience, and personality (12). Since has an important effect on students' well-being, it is important for university administrators to gain a better understanding of homesickness impact on students and provide them with appropriate interventions for a better transition to the university (16).
Personality traits are cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics that remain almost unchanged in different situations and different stages of life (17). They can affect psychosocial adjustment with new situations (18). Studies show that personality traits such as extroversion (19, 20), openness to experience, and neuroticism (20) are among the predictors of students’ psychosocial adjustment. Personality traits can also contribute to different dimensions of mental health (17). Some studies reported that personality traits had significant correlations with mental disorders (21) such as depression (22). However, little is known about the effects of homesickness and personality traits on students’ mental health.
2. Objectives
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship of personality traits and homesickness with mental health among university students.
3. Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we selected 220 students (154 female and 66 male) who were living in the dormitories of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences using the census method. The inclusion criteria were living in a dormitory and a willingness to participate in the study. Participants were informed about the study objectives and procedure, their voluntary participation, and confidentiality of their information. The anonymous questionnaires were distributed to students in their dormitories and were collected after 30 minutes.
The data collection tools were a demographic questionnaire (age, gender, marital status, the field of study, type of degree, place of family residence, employment, and family size). Moreover, the total grade point average (GPA) was asked at this stage. We also used the Homesickness Questionnaire, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire for data gathering.
The homesickness questionnaire was developed by Archer et al. in 1998. It consists of two subscales, namely attachment to the home and disliking the university. The questionnaire contains 33 items (23). Item scoring is done based on a Likert-type scale from one (“very little homesick”) to five (“extremely homesick”). The scoring of the items 4, 9, 15, and 30 is done reversely. Higher scores show severer homesickness. Besharat et al. translated and validated the questionnaire in junior undergraduate college students whose university was far from their family residency by content validity and face validity. Three items were deleted after the initial implementation. Moreover, the Cronbach’s alpha values were reported to be 0.90 and 0.82 for attachment to the home and disliking the university subscales, respectively. The three-week test-retest correlation coefficients were 0.81, 0.83, and 0.78 for the whole questionnaire, attachment to the home subscale, and disliking the university subscale, respectively (24). The third tool of the study was the Eysenck Personality Inventory. This inventory contains 24 yes/no questions on neuroticism, 24 yes/no questions on extroversion, and nine questions in a lie scale. Each question is scored either one or zero. Scores of less than six in the lie scale indicate the authenticity of the answers to the inventory. Higher scores for the extroversion and the neuroticism dimensions show that the person is more extrovert and more neurotic, respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha values were reported as 0.69, 0.77, and 0.47 for the extroversion, neuroticism, and lie dimensions of the inventory in an Iranian sample, respectively (25). Moreover, the split-half correlation coefficients were 0.74 and 0.91 for the extroversion and the neuroticism dimensions and the test-retest correlation coefficients were 0.84 and 0.94, respectively, in Yousefi et al. study among Iranian students (26). The fourth data collection tool was the 28-item Goldberg General Health Questionnaire. The items of the questionnaire are scored on a four-point Likert-type scale from zero to three with higher scores standing for poorer mental health. Validity and reliability of this questionnaire were assessed among Iranian students by Taghavi, the values of 0.93, 0.90, and 0.70 were reported for split-half, test-retest, and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. Moreover, the score of the questionnaire was found to have a significant correlation with the score of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire with a coefficient of 0.55, confirming its concurrent validity (27).
The independent samples t-test was used for comparing the mean scores between the two groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlations between mental health and age, family size, and GPA. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis was done to investigate the association of personality traits and homesickness with mental health and estimate the explained variance via the SPSS software (V. 20.0).
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran (approval code: IR.JMU.REC.1395.38).
4. Results
In total, 220 students participated in the study and completed the study tools. However, 15 were excluded due to a score of more than six on the lie scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Therefore, the data retrieved from 205 students were analyzed. The majority of the students were female and single (Table 1). Only were two participants employed. The means of their age, GPA, and family size were 20.92 ± 1.61, 16.32 ± 1.80, and 5.57 ± 1.83, respectively.
Table 1.Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants
| Characteristics | No. (%) | Mental Health Score Mean±SD | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.393 | ||
| Female | 145 (70.7) | 28.32 ± 14.55 | |
| Male | 60 (29.3) | 30.27 ± 15.94 | |
| Marital status | 0.001 | ||
| Married | 23 (11.2) | 27.66 ± 14.25 | |
| Single | 182 (88.8) | 38.61 ± 15.91 | |
| Type of degree | 0.399 | ||
| Bachelor | 175 (85.4) | 28.52 ± 11.46 | |
| Doctoral | 30 (14.6) | 31.00 ± 14.54 | |
| Total | 205 (100) | ||
| Place of family residence | 0.078 | ||
| Outside Kerman province | 88 (42.9) | 30.99 ± 13.38 | |
| In Kerman province | 117 (57.1) | 27.31 ± 15.68 | |
| Total | 205 (100) |
The mean score of homesickness was 74.07 ± 16.74 while the mean scores of its subscales including attachment to the home and disliking the university were 37.34 ± 9.9 and 36.75 ± 8.8, respectively. Moreover, the mean score of students’ mental health was 28.89 ± 14.82. The results of the independent samples t-test illustrated no significant relationships between students’ mental health scores and their gender, type of degree, and place of family residence (P > 0.05). However, the mean score of mental health was significantly lower in single students than in their married counterparts (P = 0.001; Table 1). To determine the relationship between mental health and continuous variables, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was done. It showed only a marginally significant negative relationship between the GPA and the mental health score (Table 2).
Table 2.Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients Between Mental Health, Age, Family Size, and GPA
| Variables | Age | Family Size | GPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental health scores | 0.087 | 0.032 | -0.187 |
| P value | 0.215 | 0.653 | 0.013 |
Stepwise multivariate regression was done to survey the relationship of marital status, GPA, extroversion, neuroticism, disliking the university, and attachment to the home with mental health scores (single status was coded as one and married status as two). The mental health score was entered into the model as the dependent variable and marital status, GPA, extroversion, neuroticism, disliking the university, and attachment to the home as the independent variables. Table 3 reports the regression coefficients of variables predicting the mental health score. All the assessed variables were significant except GPA.
Table 3.The Results of Regression Analysis for the Predictors of Mental Health Scoresa
| Model | B | Standardized Beta | Standard Error | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 8.178 | 6.083 | < 0. 181 | |
| Neuroticism | 1.441 | 0.462 | 0.191 | < 0.001 |
| Extroversion | -0.615 | -0.128 | 0.284 | 0.032 |
| Disliking the university | 0.619 | 0.340 | 0.131 | < 0.001 |
| Attachment to the home | -0.346 | -0.218 | 0.112 | 0.002 |
| Marital status | 6.297 | 0.137 | 2.751 | 0.023 |
aR 2 (adjusted) = 0.40.
The unadjusted and adjusted coefficients of determination were 0.417 and 0.40 in the final regression model, respectively. In other words, 40% of the total variance of mental health was explained by neuroticism, extroversion, disliking the university, attachment to the home, and marital status (Table 3).
5. Discussion
The results of this study showed personality traits and homesickness feeling in university students can affect their mental health. According to the findings, the two personality traits including neuroticism and extroversion were influential on the university students’ mental health score. In other words, neurotic students had higher mental health scores, indicating poorer mental health status, while extrovert students had lower mental health scores or better mental health status. This is congruent with the findings of earlier studies (28, 29). Bagherinia et al. showed that personality traits had direct and indirect effects on nurses’ mental health (30). In addition, personality traits can affect other aspects of mental health such as life satisfaction and well-being. For example, research showed that students with various states of extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness significantly differed from each other respecting their life satisfaction (31). A study on 400 male and female students also reported that extroversion was positively correlated with well-being and life satisfaction (32). Another study showed that personality traits not only directly affected mental health but also mediated the effects of metacognition or thinking styles on mental health (17). Personality traits were also reported to have significant effects on students’ depression (22).
Our findings also revealed that disliking the university had a positive effect and attachment to the home had a negative effect on the score of mental health. These results are congruent with another study that showed three aspects of homesickness (i.e. adjustment, longing for family, and loneliness) affected the general health score (33). Moreover, a study showed that both subscales of homesickness (i.e. attachment to the home and disliking the university) had significant effects on depression (22). Homesickness has physical, cognitive, emotional, and social manifestations (34) and can increase the risk of physical and mental problems and reduce well-being; it even may be perceived as separation and a mini-grief experience (35).
Although technological advances have provided students with many opportunities to contact their families, they still feel homesickness. Considering the negative effects of the feeling of homesickness on students' academic achievement (36), providing the students with better welfare and educational facilities may reduce their negative feelings towards their educational setting. Moreover, after the students were admitted, they should be supported by university administrators to experience a better entry into the university.
5.1. Conclusions
This study shows that personality traits and homesickness, as well as marital status, can significantly predict students’ mental health. Recognizing neurotic, introvert, and homesick students is a key prerequisite for any intervention to improve the mental health of students.
This study was conducted in a newly established university and hence, its findings should be generalized to other students with caution. Future studies in this area need to be conducted on students in different universities and using longitudinal designs in order to assess students’ homesickness and mental health status in their course of education.
