Dear Editor,
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Coronavirus-2 Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has incurred detrimental effects on health systems (1, 2). Given the desperate need to develop vaccines as quickly as possible, much effort has been made to develop and manufacture vaccines to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 to healthy individuals (3-5). Numerous studies have focused on medication therapy and patient recovery; however, vaccination will significantly affect the mortality rate by reducing infection with COVID-19 (3-9). Nonetheless, like any other compound, vaccines can also cause local and systemic complications (4-12).
The present study enrolled 100 healthcare providers of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas city who had received the first dose of Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (IR.HUMS.REC.1399.541). An online questionnaire was developed to assess demographic details and local and systemic complications of vaccination. These individuals were assessed at three time points: the first, third, and seventh days after vaccination in terms of local complications, including pain at the injection site, warmth, redness, and swelling, and systemic complications, including weakness and fatigue, headache, myalgia, bone pain, arthralgia, palpitation, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, coughing, sneezing, sore throat, runny nose, fever, chills, and urticaria. The participants were also followed for serious complications or mortality during one month after the first dose of vaccination.
Among the 100 participants studied, 10 had a history of infection with COVID-19 in the past six months. Among these 10 individuals, weakness and lethargy were observed in six individuals on day one, three individuals on day three, and one individual on day seven. Headache was reported by five individuals on day one, and one individual on day three. Myalgia was observed in eight individuals on day one, five individuals on day three, and two individuals on day seven. This complication was more frequent in participants with a history of COVID-19 compared to those without a history of COVID-19 in the past six months (80 vs. 53%). Bone pain was reported by eight individuals on day one, three individuals on day three, and one individual on day seven. Generally, this complication had a higher frequency percentage in those with a history of COVID-19 compared to those without it (80 vs. 43%). Anorexia was reported by three individuals on day one and one individual one day three (30% in group with a history of COVID-19 vs. 12% in group with no history of COVID-19).
Our results showed that 42% of the participants suffered from headaches on day one, 18% on day three, and 5% on day seven. Headache and asthenia were among the most common complications of the vaccine in a study by Logunov et al., in which a similar vaccine to that in the present study was used (5). The present study exhibited more cases of severe myalgia (Table 1). In another study, Zhu et al. reported myalgia in 18% of patients after vaccination with a similar dose (12).
| Symptoms | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 7 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asymptomatic | Mild | Moderate | Sever | Asymptomatic | Mild | Moderate | Sever | Asymptomatic | Mild | Moderate | Sever | |
| Weakness | 53 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 70 | 19 | 9 | 2 | 93 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| Headache | 58 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 82 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 95 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Myalgia | 47 | 11 | 23 | 19 | 67 | 16 | 14 | 3 | 92 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| Bone pain | 57 | 10 | 16 | 17 | 78 | 10 | 11 | 1 | 94 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
| Palpitation | 84 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 91 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 96 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
| Diarrhea | 95 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 93 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 98 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Nausea and Vomiting | 88 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 93 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 96 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Anorexia | 77 | 9 | 11 | 3 | 88 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 98 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Rhinorrhea | 93 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 96 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 97 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Sore throat | 91 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 92 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 96 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Fever | 68 | 20 | 5 | 7 | 91 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chills | 64 | 11 | 10 | 15 | 91 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Urticaria | 95 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Warmth | 83 | 6 | 11 | 0 | 91 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Redness | 93 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 97 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Swelling | 92 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 98 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Local and Systemic Complications of Gam-COVID-Vaccine on Days One, Three, and Seven
Regarding the relationship between the history of COVID-19 in the past six months and vaccination complications, only myalgia and rhinorrhea on day one had a significant relationship with a positive history of COVID-19 in those receiving vaccination, but no significant relationship was noted between this variable on other days (days three and seven). The history of infection with COVID-19 had no significant association with other local complications.
With regard to adenovirus type-5 vaccine, a higher percentage of local and systemic complications were reported in the present study than in previous studies (5, 12). This difference can probably be attributed to the geographical, genetic, or sample size differences. Pain at the injection site was also the most common complication in inactivated SARS-COV-2 vaccines (11). Regarding mRNA-1273 vaccines, pain at the injection site was most frequently reported (10). Fatigue, headache, myalgia, and chills were the most common systemic complications of mRNA-1273-based COVID-19 vaccines (10). With regard to the relationship of history of COVID-19 and post-vaccination complications, rhinorrhea on day one, sneezing on day one, and sneezing on day three were observed in those with a history of COVID-19, respectively 9.5, 23, and 21 times higher than those without such a history. Although the history of COVID-19 was not investigated in their study, Baden et al. indicated that those who had COVID-19 at the time of vaccination experienced fewer complications than those who did not have COVID-19 (10).
In the present study, weakness, myalgia, headache, and pain at the injection site were the most frequently reported adverse reactions among people who received the first dose of Gam-COVID-vac. No serious complications or mortality was seen during the one-month follow-up.
