1. Background
Annually, 234 million patients undergo surgery procedures, adverse events in surgery were reported to occur in more than 14% of patients (1), and 55% of these adverse events are preventable (2). The safe surgery checklist (SSC) was introduced by WHO in 2008 to be used in operation rooms (3). The SSC was developed to improve teamwork, communication, consistency of care (4), prevent adverse events, strengthen safety practices, and improve the quality of care provided to the surgical patient (5). A study conducted in Norwegian hospitals found that safe surgery checklist have reduced mortality rate (4).
The order for SSC implementation of WHO has been issued by the MOH in most of the country's operation rooms since 2011 (6). The SSC has been demonstrated to reduce surgical complications and deaths by 30 - 50% (7). However, the order was canceled due to the challenges in the application of a safety checklist, and now its application is not mandatory. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of applying SSCs, and their results have shown improved safety status (8, 9).
2. Objectives
The present research was conducted to determine the barriers and facilitators of effective implementation of SSCs in public hospitals of Tabriz city.
3. Methods
This study was a descriptive cross-sectional investigation performed in nine public hospitals in Tabriz in 2019. The study population consisted of operation room staff, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses. The total population employed was 220 participants. The purposive sampling method was used to select the samples. The participants were familiar with the operating room checklist.
In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used according to the previous studies (10-14). The questionnaire includes three parts: demographic variables, barriers, and factors that facilitate SSC efficient implementation. Barriers to effective implementation of the SSC were divided into four dimensions, including organizational barriers, systemic barriers, team barriers, and checklist-related barriers. The facilitating factors also have four organizational, systemic, team, and checklist-related dimensions. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by health management specialists, surgeons, and anesthesiologists. Its reliability was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient to be over 70% for all dimensions. Required explanations were given to the participants about the purpose of the research. Participation in the study was completely voluntary, and verbal consent was obtained from all participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software. Descriptive statistics such as mean ± SD, percentage, and frequency were used to describe the variables. To determine data normality, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. The differences between the mean scores of barriers and facilitators among the three groups of surgeons, anesthesiologists, and nurses and also were assessed by ANOVA test.
4. Results
Twelve surgeons, 12 anesthesiologists, and 115 nurses participated in the study. The response rate was 63%. The mean ± SD of participants' age was 34.29 ± 8.52. The majority of participants were female (65.5%). The mean ± SD of clinical experience of the respondents was 9.72 ± 7.6 years. Of the total 139 participants, only 16 had managing experience in the operating room. The majority of participants had a Bachelor's degree (71%) (Table 1).
| Position | Age; Mean ± SD | Work Experience; Mean ± SD | Gender; No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Male | |||
| Surgeons | 40.8 ± 5.3 | 11.5 ± 7.8 | 2 (17) | 10 (83) |
| Anesthesiologists | 46.3 ± 7.3 | 15.8 ± 7.5 | - | 12 (100) |
| Nurses | 32.3 ± 7.5 | 8.9 ± 7.3 | 89 (77) | 26 (23) |
| Total | 34.2 ± 8.5 | 9.7 ± 7.6 | 91 (65.5) | 48 (34.5) |
Demographic Characteristics of the Participants
The mean ± SD of barriers to effective implementation of the SSC in all dimensions was 3.03 ± 0.55 with a minimum score of 1.37 and a maximum score of 4.79 (Table 2).
| Dimensions and Measures of Barriers | Mean ± SD | Percentage of Agreement |
|---|---|---|
| Organizational barriers | 3.08 ± 0.70 | 37 |
| Absence of a culture of change | 3.25 ± 1.06 | 41 |
| Way of introducing and implementing the checklist | 3.23 ± 0.99 | 45 |
| Staff hierarchy | 3.09 ± 1.00 | 35 |
| The anxiety of the surgical team for not being familiar with the checklist | 2.76 ± 1.04 | 27 |
| Systemic barriers | 3.01 ± 0.82 | 32 |
| Simultaneous implementation of patient safety programs | 3.03 ± 0.95 | 32 |
| Time for completing the checklist | 3 ± 1.07 | 32 |
| Team barriers | 3.18 ± 0.81 | 41 |
| The weak relationship between the surgeon and anesthesiologist | 3.27 ± 0.98 | 40 |
| Unspecified role of the surgical team | 3.21 ± 1.19 | 48 |
| Resistance and failure of the surgical team | 3.05 ± 1.01 | 35 |
| Checklist-related barriers | 2.97 ± 0.67 | 33 |
| Mental involvement of the surgical team and time-wasting caused by three stages of checklist: Pre-incision, intraoperative and postoperative | 3.33 ± 1.10 | 49 |
| Adverse effects of completing a checklist such as creating a conflict between employees | 3.25 ± 1.06 | 45 |
| Structural difficulties and the content of the designed checklist | 3.12 ± 1.10 | 40 |
| Lack of strong evidence to confirm the checklist with different items and need to be localized according to different conditions | 3.02 ± 0.98 | 33 |
| Lack of coverage of all risks associated with surgery | 3.01 ± 1.06 | 36 |
| Oral confirmation | 2.97 ± 0.96 | 27 |
| The general feature of checklist and disregard for differences between different types of surgery | 2.89 ± 1.00 | 28 |
| Repeated items | 2.78 ± 1.04 | 28 |
| Bad impact on patients' perception of operating room safety and surgery | 2.76 ± 0.97 | 21 |
| The ambiguity of some items in the checklist | 2.62 ± 1.11 | 22 |
| Sum of the scores of barriers | 0.55 ± 3.03 | 35 |
The Dimension and Measures Scores of Barriers
The mean score of facilitators for the effective implementation of the SSC in all dimensions was 3.46 ± 0.76 with a minimum score of 1.75 and a maximum score of 5 out of 5 (Table 3).
| Dimensions and Measures of Facilitators | Mean ± SD | Percentage of Agreement |
|---|---|---|
| Organizational facilitators | 3.45 ± 0.55 | 49 |
| The surgical team is legally responsible for responding to the checklist in the case that it is not completed | 3.65 ± 0.87 | 63 |
| Supporting managers of the organization | 3.54 ± 0.96 | 58 |
| Collecting and providing national evidence on the impact of checklist implementation on improving patient safety | 3.52 ± 0.95 | 50 |
| Complete training, and introduction of the process and related checklist prior to its implementation | 3.48 ± 0.89 | 48 |
| Permanent audit of the completion process | 3.33 ± 0.80 | 42 |
| Lack of focusing on the organizational hierarchy | 3.20 ± 0.91 | 33 |
| Systemic facilitator | 3/41 ± 0.93 | 48 |
| Integrating checklist implementation with other patient safety programs | 3.41 ± 0.93 | 48 |
| Team facilitators dimensions | 3.46 ± 0.76 | 50 |
| Participation of surgical team in completing and modifying | 3.59 ± 0.95 | 55 |
| Institutionalizing the checklist by supporting senior members of the surgical team | 3.45 ± 0.96 | 53 |
| Improving leadership skills | 3.43 ± 0.94 | 47 |
| Active and effective leadership | 3.37 ± 0.92 | 47 |
| Checklist-related facilitator | 3.37 ± 1.07 | 42 |
| Reviewing the checklist based on the feedback of the surgical team | 3.37 ± 1.07 | 42 |
| Sum of the scores of barriers | 0.76 ± 3.46 | 49 |
The Dimensions and Measures Scores of the Facilitators
5. Discussion
The most effective barrier to the effective implementation of checklist was the dimension of team barriers. Poor communications, as well as the unclear role of each team member in completing the checklist, created these difficulties. In a study conducted by Fourcade et al., poor communication between the surgical team was one of the most important barriers (11). Also, Waehle et al.’s study showed that the most important challenge proposed by nurses was acceptance and commitment to implement the checklist (14).
The lack of a culture of change and the way the checklists were introduced and implemented were reported as the organizational barriers that come to the surface at the initiation of the checklist implementation, while failing to resolve them may pave the way for future barriers. The dimension of the systemic barriers gained the third score. Time-consuming completion of checklists, which often have a large workload, was considered an obstacle. In a study conducted by Kariyoi et al., insufficient time to use a checklist and not having a priority to use the checklist were identified as barriers (12).
According to the results, the barriers associated with the checklist itself were less important than other barriers. It can be argued that the localization of the checklist was successful. However, the three steps of completing the checklist caused the mental involvement of team members, wasting time, and creating conflict. In a study by Fourcade et al., checklist-related barriers were reported to be the most important barrier (11). This was in apposite to the findings of this study.
The overall results indicated the importance of facilitators in all dimensions. Team facilitators with the slightest difference achieved the highest score among the other dimensions. Involving operation room staff in completing checklist and actively leading the team by the senior members can facilitate the implementation of the checklist. According to Verwey and Gopalan’s study, implementing checklist required the support of all operation room staff (15). In the study by Tostes and Galvao, the need for an effective leader in the operation room is significant to complete the checklist and motive team members in its completion (5).
The organizational dimension of facilitators was the second most important dimension. Granting legal responsibility to the surgical team was an important facilitator to respond to any failure in completing the checklist. Organization managers' support and staff training for proper checklist implementation are important facilitators of this dimension. In an investigation by Sokhanvar et al., the support of the managers was considered an important factor in facilitating the checklist implementation (6). According to Mahajan’s study, organizational support, organizational leadership, and training were required for successful implementation (13).
Implementation of checklists in operation rooms requires the identification and removal of barriers for its effective implementation, as well as designing a process and the method of its implementation in a transparent manner. In addition to removing barriers, to facilitate the implementation of checklists, we must pay attention to the working procedures such as training and introducing the process, support of the managers, permanent audit of the checklist completion process, integrating checklist implementation with other patient safety promoting programs, and most importantly, the legal responsibility of the staff to respond to the failure of checklist implementation.
