1. Background
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and preterm PROM (PPROM) are the rupture of the fetal chorioamniotic membranes before the onset of labor contractions. PROM and PPROM occur in 10% and 40% of term and preterm labors, respectively (1). Both conditions are associated with increased risk of maternal and fetal infection, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Early and accurate diagnosis of PROM would allow for proper obstetric intervention and decreased feto-maternal complications. On the other hand, inaccurate diagnosis may lead to unnecessary hospitalization, inappropriate use of antibiotics and corticosteroids, and: unnecessary induction of labor (2).
Patients with PROM usually present with complaint of a sudden large volume of clear fluid leakage. Differential diagnosis includes urinary incontinence and normal vaginal discharge. Concomitant vaginal bleeding, fever, and recent intercourse should be ruled out first. Then, a sterile speculum examination is performed to evaluate any evidence of fluid pooling in the vagina or leakage from cervical os (3). Traditionally, the diagnosis is continued with a nitrazine paper test, however, this does not have the capability to detect low amounts of amniotic fluid. Absorbent pads (AmnioSense) are able to diagnose low volumes of amniotic fluid due to the longer test duration, but they might cause cytotoxicity and skin irritation, and their accuracy rate is unknown. Both techniques may have false positive results due to contamination with blood, semen, urine, and vaginal inflammation (sensitivity = 90% – 97%, specificity = 16% – 70%). Microscopic analysis for evidence of ferning of the cervicovaginal discharge is another classic test, with a sensitivity of 51% – 98% and specificity of 70% – 88%, but the results are easily interrupted by the presence of blood, semen, cervical mucus, and fingerprints (4). Amnisure, a placental alpha 1-microglobulin (PAMG-1) assay, is the latest diagnostic test with excellent accuracy (5), however, it has not yet become popular and widely available, mostly due to the test’s complexity and cost. Therefore, there is a great need for an inexpensive, readily available, rapid, and accurate diagnostic test for PROM.
Endocrine system development in the human embryo starts with a thickening in the primitive pharynx, which eventually forms the thyroid gland. The fetus is dependent on maternal thyroid hormones until the age of 12 weeks, when the thyroid gland matures and initiates synthesis of thyroxin independently. The thyroxin level then steadily increases until the age of 34 weeks of gestation. On the other hand, plasma concentrations of T3 are not detectable before the 20th week of gestation, and because of the active metabolism of thyroxin to reverse T3 by the placental and hepatic tissues, the plasma levels of T3 do not reach adult levels, even at term. The fetus’ thyroxin plasma levels are closely correlated with gestational age and are lower in preterm neonates as compared to term newborns (6). Recent studies have reported a direct correlation between fetus plasma and amniotic fluid values of thyroid hormones (7). As the chorioamniotic membranes rupture, the intra-amniotic thyroid hormones are released and could be detected in vaginal fluid washout by routine laboratory tests.
2. Objectives
Our current study evaluates whether measurement of thyroid hormone concentration in vaginal fluid washout could identify PROM.
3. Patients and Methods
The protocol of this study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences and a written consent was obtained from all patients prior to enrollment. The study was conducted at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of ShahidAkbar Abadi Teaching Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from April to March, 2012.
All women with a confirmed diagnosis of PROM, based on direct visualization of amniotic discharge of the cervix at the gestational age of 26 weeks or greater, were included in the study. The rupture of membranes must have occurred less than six hours prior to presentation and not be associated with vaginal bleeding. We excluded patients with sonography-confirmed polyhydramnios or multiple gestations, women with vaginal bleeding, feto-maternal comorbidities (preeclampsia, fetal malformations, placenta previa), and those who had had intercourse within the previous six hours. Of the qualified patients, 45 patients were randomly selected for hormonal analysis. In addition, a group of 45 pregnant women who were matched for maternal age, gestational age, parity, and gravidity were selected from those who were seen during routine prenatal clinic visits. None of the women in the control group had any history or complaint of vaginal discharge. PROM was ruled out in the control group by direct visualization of the cervix via sterile speculum and a negative nitrazine test. Women in both groups had no history of thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and goiter) and were not taking any thyroid disturbing drugs such as levothyroxine or thioamides.
The age, parity, and gestational age of both groups were recorded. The gestational age was calculated based on the patient's last menstrual period (LMP). To evaluate the vaginal concentrations of thyroid hormones, a speculum-opened vagina was irrigated with 3 ml of normal saline, and then the accumulated fluid was collected using a 5 ml syringe. The collected samples were immediately sent to the laboratory for 10 minutes of centrifuging and hormonal analysis based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay methods.
3.1. Statistics
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 19 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. To compare the levels of thyroid hormones, the Student’s t-test was used. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used for test accuracy determination. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
4. Results
The control subjects were matched to the patients in the study group with respect to maternal age, gestational age, and parity. Table 1 summarizes the demographic and obstetric characteristics of the patients with PROM and the controls.
Table 1. Comparison of the Demographic and Obstetric Characteristics of Patients with PROM and Controls (N = 45)a
| Patients With PROM | Normal Pregnant Women | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Age, y | 25 ± 4.8 | 25 ± 4.6 | .9 |
| Gestational Age, y | 34 ± 3.4 | 33 ± 3.5 | .5 |
| Parity | .3 | ||
| Nulliparous | 25 (55.6) | 20 (44.4) | |
| Multiparous | 20 (44.4) | 25 (55.6) |
aData are presentedas mean ± SD or No. (%).
The mean total T4 concentration in patients with PROM and normal pregnant women were 2.1 ± 1.3 µg/mL and 1.55 ± 0.58 µg/mL, respectively (P = 0.01). Total vaginal T3 levels in the PROM group were significantly higher compared to normal pregnant women (1.28 ± 0.42 ng/mL vs. 0.8 ± 0.26 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). Also, the free T4 level was significantly higher in women with PROM as compared with normal pregnant women (0.026 ± 0.034 ng/mL vs. 0.007 ± 0.004 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). Table 2 demonstrates the mean concentrations of total T4, total T3, and free T4 in both groups. The concentration ranges of total T4, total T3, and free T4 in patients with PROM and the controls were 0.13 – 5.23 vs. 0.46 – 3.95 µg/mL, 0.37 – 2.28 vs. 0.24 – 1.81 ng/mL, and 0 – 0.14 vs. 0 – 0.02 ng/mL, respectively.
Table 2. Comparison of the Thyroid Hormone Levels in Patients with PROM and Normal Pregnant Womena
| Patients With PROM | Normal Pregnant Women | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total T4, µg/ml | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 1.55 ± 0.58 | .01 |
| Total T3, ng/mL | 1.28 ± 0.42 | 0.8 ± 0.26 | .0001 |
| Free T4, ng/mL | 0.026 ± 0.034 | 0.007 ± 0.004 | .0001 |
aData are presentedas mean ± SD.
As Figure 1 shows, the ROC curve analysis showed that total T4 = 1.685 ng/mL was the best cutoff value, with a sensitivity of 62%, specificity of 76%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 71.8%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 66.7%.
Figure 1.
Receiver-operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve for Total T4 Concentration
Also, the ROC curve analysis showed that total T3 = 0.82 ng/mL was the best cutoff value, with a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 64%, PPV of 72%, and NPV of 87.8 % (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
ROC Curve for Total T3 Concentration
Additionally, the ROC curve analysis showed that free T4 = 0.01 ng/mL was the best cutoff value, with a sensitivity of 51%, specificity of 82%, PPV of 74.2%, and NPV of 62.7% (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
ROC Curve for Free T4 Concentration
5. Discussion
The results of the current study demonstrated that the vaginal concentrations of total T4, total T3, and free T4 of patients with PROM is significantly higher than normal pregnant women. Moreover, the ROC curve analysis revealed that none of these measures alone has the desired accuracy for the diagnosis of PROM in suspected patients. However, in combination these three hormonal analyses could be an easy, readily available, and rapid diagnostic test. The best cutoff values we achieved were total T4 = 1.685 ng/mL, total T3 = 0.82 ng/mL, and free T4 = 0.01 ng/mL.
In a similar study by Kale et al. (8), the vaginal concentrations of total T4, total T3 and free T4 were compared between normal pregnancies and PPROM between 26 – 36 weeks of gestation. The vaginal total and free T3 levels were not statistically different between the patients and the controls, but vaginal total T4 and free T4 levels were significantly higher in the PPROM group. This study concluded that the optimal cutoff value for total T4 (0.866 µg/dL) had sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 60.0%, PPV of 67.6%, and NPV of 78.3%. Free T4 = 0.079 ng/dL gave a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 70.0%, PPV of 75%, and NPV of 87.5%. These hormonal concentrations for total T4 (sensitivity of 84.4% with negligible specificity) and free T4 (specificity of 100% with negligible sensitivity) in our results were not clinically practical. Instead, measuring of total T3 in our study was the most accurate diagnostic test.
Farag and colleagues, in a case control study, evaluated the diagnostic value of vaginal fluid free T3 and free T4 in women with PPROM. They showed vaginal fluid free T3 and free T4 seemed to be useful and simple markers in the diagnosis of PPROM. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for free T3 (cutoff, 1.06 pg/mL) were 88%, 70%, 74.6%, and 85.4%, respectively, while those for free T4 (cutoff 0.063 ng/dL) were 86%, 72%, 75.4%, and 83.7%, respectively (9).
The thyroid hormones in vaginal washout could have maternal or fetal origin. Considering hormonal reference values in vaginal secretions is helpful to determine the major source of thyroid hormones. Surprisingly, previous studies have analyzed the thyroid hormonal concentrations in amniotic fluid. In a study by Singh et al. (10), the reference intervals for fetal thyroid status in amniotic fluid have been reported as: TSH less than 0.1 – 0.5 mU/L (median=0.1 mU/L), total T4 2.3 – 3.9 µg/dL (median = 3.3 µg/dL), and free T4 less than 0.4 – 0.7 ng/dL (median = 0.4 ng/dL). A similar study by Baumann et al. (7) reported the reference intervals of the thyroid hormones in amniotic fluid as TSH = 0.04 – 0.51 µIU/mL (median = 0.10 µIU/mL) and free T4 less than 0.10 – 0.77 ng/dL (median = 0.26 ng/dL). When we compare the results of thyroxin values in vaginal washouts of patients with PROM with reference intervals in amniotic fluid, the fetal origin of thyroxin due to rupture of chorioamniotic membranes shows higher probability.
Recent studies have investigated the accuracy of new biomarkers; among them insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) (11), IL-8 and Annexin A2 (12), and placental alpha 1-microglobulin (PAMG-1) have shown promising results. IGFBP-1 has a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 94.4%, PPV of 92.1%, and NPV of 91.1% (13), although heavy vaginal bleeding and prolonged cessation of leakage might give false positive and negative results, respectively (14). Amnisure (PAMG-1 assay) is a bedside strip test with a sensitivity of 98.9%, specificity of 100%, a PPV of 100%, and an NPV of 99.1% (5), but its positive results should be interpreted cautiously, because the clinical significance of a positive test due to micro-leakage of amniotic fluid is not yet clear (15, 16). There is not enough evidence in the literature to favor one of these two new biomarkers (17). Thus, extensive investigations are being carried out on other biological markers (5, 18).
Measuring thyroid hormone concentrations in vaginal fluid washouts has some advantages. First, it does not require any additional diagnostic laboratory instruments or specially educated personnel and is easily performed with available kits. Second, the procedure is comparably inexpensive and quick. And third, it measures three thyroid hormone values simultaneously. However, as far as we know only one study has evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of thyroid hormonal concentrations in vaginal fluid washout, so far. So, in this study we added additional measurements of this new diagnostic method.
One limitation of our study was that the maternal thyroid status was not evaluated before measuring the vaginal concentrations, so subclinical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in the sample might influence the final results. The same situation is true for neonates, because they were not followed for delayed thyroid dysfunction. Also, it is not yet clear whether sample contamination with blood, semen, and bacterial colonies could create false positive or false negative results. Future studies are needed to further clarify the diagnostic accuracy of this method in various clinical settings.
Measuring vaginal concentrations of total T4, total T3, and free T4 alone does not have enough accuracy for detecting suspected cases of PROM, but a combination of all three tests could be useful. Further studies are needed to clarify the capabilities of thyroid hormone diagnostics in suspected cases of PROM.
