1. Background
The Population Reference Bureau has presented a short analysis of population indices, based on which developed countries will be faced with reduced populations of youth in the years to come. Based on this report, in addition to developed countries, Iran too will have to face the problem of increasing age, one which has been repeatedly warned about in recent years (1, 2). In addition, if Iran continues to replace its population with the current trend, and if it adopts no program to balance it (3-5).
Demographic experts have recognized different factors in the reduction of birth rate and in general the fertility rate in the past two decades, including: raised mean age of marriage among women, relative rise in children’s costs, etc. (6-11).
2. Objectives
The objective of this study was therefore to understand the reasons behind the tendency toward having an only-child among the Iranian community.
3. Methods
A qualitative study was conducted in the form of conventional content analysis and through semi-structured interviews. Maximum opportunistic sampling was done. Sampling began as convenience sampling and continued as purposive sampling. Only child families were selected through medical centers.
In addition, the researcher documented the details of the research and described the stages of research from beginning to end in complete detail to allow its assessment by an outside observer (12, 13). Informed consent was taken from all the participants upon describing the research goals in writing and orally. The interviews were conducted in a quiet place, free of stress, by 10 interviewers, separately.
4. Results
After compilation and combination of similar codes, which extracted codes by the interviewers (Appendix 1 in Supplementary File). These were classified into following subcategories: economic reasons, parental reasons, cultural reasons, social reasons, and political reasons (Appendix 2 in Supplementary File).
4.1. Economic Reasons
Some of these economic reasons were, occupation, occupational security, simultaneous employment of both parents -particularly the mother- to meet financial needs, inadequate income inadequate finances for parenting, inflation, and lack of necessary facilities for the children. Some of the parents’ statements are as follows: “From the very beginning, parenting costs, including daycare and schooling expenses, are very heavy for low-income families like us”.
4.2. Parental Reasons
Some of the parental issues that inhibited the tendency toward childbearing were, the father’s role lack of adequate time for parenting due to simultaneous employment of both parents -particularly that of the mother. One parent who was an academic lecturer and had one child said: “The rising age marriage itself is a big problem; instead of 20 it has reached the age of 35. The father’s older age leaves him with lesser patience for childrearing”.
4.3. Cultural Reasons
Cultural factors were among other background factors encouraging parents toward lower childbearing rates; pedocentricism and the apprehension of facing it, lack of familial support and nearby relatives for childcare and subsequently the evolution of the nuclear family system, perfectionism in lifestyle, parenting and creating facilities for children, changes in lifestyle.
4.4. Social Reasons
Social issues were less emphasized than the other issues; only three codes were extracted in this subcategory, and included issues such as social incidents and social freedom. One couple exclaimed: “Unfortunately, every other day we hear unpleasant news about social harms regarding children, most of which occur due to the parents’ lack of proper responsibility toward the children”.
4.5. Political - Governmental Reasons
Only twelve codes were extracted in this category, including, governmental support and the family planning policy and rules. One couple stated: “Until a decade ago, most of the country’s population control authorities promoted the famous “two children are enough” slogan, and now all the definitions and preferences have changed”.
5. Discussion
Based on the slow population growth scenario depicted by the United Nations in 2010, if Iran continues to replace its population with the current trend and if it adopts no program to balance it, in the next 80 years, it will have a population of 31 million, 47% of which will consist of individuals aged over 60 years (14, 15).
Most of the participants in this study had addressed the role of economic causes as the most influential. Dorahaki et al., showed a negative correlation between the financial burden of childrearing and the fertility intent among women (16). McAllister et al., too showed that after increasing age, some socioeconomic factors such as economic difficulties were the most important challenges couples faced in their fertility intent (17).
The increasing age of marriage and lack of patience for childrearing was repeatedly emphasized by the participants. Official statistics also indicate the significant rise in the mean marriage age, both among men and women; during the past ten years, the mean marriage age has risen from 19 years to 26 (15). Multiple studies have shown the negative impact of rising marriage age on reduced fertility (16-20).
5.1. Conclusions
The most important factors contributing to the lack of tendency toward family fertility were, economic factors, rising marriage age, inadequate support for working mothers, and being away from relatives.
