1. Background
Low back disorder is the most common problem in the entire spinal axis. About two-thirds of adults suffer from low back pain (LBP) at some time (1). Pain generators in the lumbar spine include the annulus of the disc, the posterior longitudinal ligament, a portion of the dural membrane, the facet joints, the spinal nerve roots and ganglia, and the associated paravertebral muscle fascia. The lifetime prevalence of chronic osteoarticular pain has been reported to be as high as 60% (2).
Osteoarthritis is a chronic, degenerative joint disease that primarily affects middle-aged and older adults (3). Osteoarthritis is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in the joint and adjacent bone. As the cartilage wears down, the bone ends may thicken, forming bony growths or spurs that interfere with joint movement. Bone fragments and fluid cysts may be present in the joint space, worsening joint movements (4).
If conservative measures fail in the treatment of facet joint pain, pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) of the medial branches can be used (5). The mechanism of action of PRF is still the subject of debate in the literature. PRF has an effect on pain pathways, reducing nociceptive inputs. The notion that the electrical fields that are generated by PRF can affect neuronal membranes is supported by neurophysiological studies that have demonstrated that PRF alters synaptic signal transmission and causes electroporation (6). Cosman explains that radiofrequency (RF) causes an increase in temperature of the targeted tissue above 45-50°C, and exposure for 20 seconds or more at these high temperatures is lethal to cells.
PRF and continuous radio frequency (CRF) originate from the same underlying physical laws but differ in space, time, and strength of the resultant fields. PRF is characterized as having typically stronger E-fields than CRF and temperature spikes above the average thermal background that can reach 45-50°C. In a frequently adopted practice of holding the average T background at or somewhat below about 42°C, PRF also differs from CRF, in that the spatial extent of continuously elevated temperatures is much less than with CRF (7). Van Zundert et al. (8) demonstrated that PRF on rat dorsal root ganglia at 42 °C for 8 minutes increases c-Fos expression in the dorsal horn. PRF has a selective effect on small unmyelinated fibres (C-fibers), leaving myelinated fibers (A-Delta fibers) unaffected.
PRF is supposed to be less destructive and more reversible than CRF (9). Further research and clinical trials are needed to confirm whether PRF has a nondestructive effect. The heat that is generated by electrical current is dissipated between pulses. In fact, PRF uses radiofrequency current in short (20 ms), high-voltage bursts; the “silent” phase (480 ms) of PRF allows time for heat to subside, generally keeping the target tissue below 42°C.
Cosman, Sluijter, and Rittman (10, 11) formulated the hypothesis that PRF was capable of delivering sufficient RF energy to modulate the electrical field that was insufficient to cause tissue thermocoagulation. Cunen et al. (12-14) showed that although the mean tip temperature remains below neurodestructive levels, PRF has an ablative effect as well, but it is weaker than the effect of a CRF heat lesion. This ablative effect is supposed to be caused by the heat spikes or electric field. The most likely causes of RF-induced neural destruction and injury are heat, high electric field, and high current field.
Heat is the rapid thermodynamic spread of energy of all tissue excitations down to the molecular level, characterized by a global parameter T. Tissue disruption by high E-fields would be more specific than by heat. The E-field induces charges in tissue and produces forces on charged molecular structures, causing them to distort and dislocate. E-field gradients produce dielectrophoretic forces on charged objects, causing stress, distortion, and movement.
Complete reduction can be reached if the nociceptive input is generated in a small, contained area, which occurs when pain radiates from facet joints.
2. Objectives
The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the efficacy of PRF in the treatment of lumbar chronic facet joint pain.
3. Patients and Methods
Patients who underwent PRF of the lumbar area over 18 months at San Giovanni Hospital of Rome were analyzed. Patients with chronic LBP with sheer nociceptive characteristics and symptomatology that was related to facet joint syndrome and unresponsive to conventional treatment, such as medications and physical therapy, were included in the study. Patients with contraindications to the treatments, such as bleeding disorders, infectious diseases, and neurological impairments, were excluded. Patients were informed about the PRF, which provides relief of pain in many patients with chronic zygapophyseal joint arthropathy.
All patients who entered the study had been extensively investigated [medical history, physical examination, X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), x-ray computed tomography (CT)] by the referring physician. They presented with a history of a minimum of 6 months of pain in the lumbar area. Three hundred patients met the inclusion criteria; all of them had been assessed by numeric rating scale (NRS) and SF-36 and reported a positive response to diagnostic block of medial branches (at least 50% relief of pain following diagnostic blockade with 0.5 mL of 2% lidocaine for each medial branch).
In each patient, we treated 3 medial branches that were related to the painful area. Treatment was performed on an outpatient basis. All procedures were performed by fluoroscopy, with the patient in the prone position, using AP, lateral, and oblique views. A 22-gauge needle, 100-mm RF electrode, and active 5-mm tip were used. The cannula tip was placed using the “tunnel vision,” per van Kleef et al. (15). Once the tip needle was at the target, sensory stimulation was carried out at 50 Hz up to 0.5 V to confirm the proximity to the medial branch. Motor stimulation was performed at 2 Hz up to 2 V. The PRF parameters for each medial branch were: 42 °C, 20 ms, 2 Hz, 240, and impedance < 400 Ohm using the Baylis pain management generator. Sedation was not given. Pain was measured with the NRS. The quality of life was measured by SF-36.The therapeutic effectiveness was defined by patients as excellent (pain relief > 80%), good (pain relief > 50%), poor (pain relief < 50%), or ineffective (no pain relief) at 1, 3, and 6 months following the procedure.
4. Results
Three hundred patients entered the study. Median age was 68 (range 45-86), and there were 142 males and 158 females. Pain relief was defined by patients at 1 and 6 months after the procedure. Sixty-two percent of patients (186) reported good pain relief [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53, 0.7]; 8.6% (26 patients) reported excellent pain relief (95% CI 0.07-0.09); 20.4% (61 patients) reported poor pain relief (95% CI 0.18-0.22); and 9% (27 patients) reported no pain relief (95% CI 0.08-0.099) (Figure 1). Median NRS prior to the procedure was 6 (range 4-9); median NRS after the procedure was 2 (range 0-4) (Figure 2). Both physical and mental parameters of the SF-36 improved significantly after the treatment (≥ 1 SD) at 1, 3, and 6 months (Figure 3 and 4). There were no significant significant differences between the results at 1, 3, and 6 months, despite patients reporting more pain relief at 1 and 3 months. Side effects were not noted. During the observational period, patients were not subjected to other pain treatments and did not take any medications.
Figure 1.
Pain Relief
Figure 2.
Mean Numeric Rating Scale Before and After Treatment
Figure 3.
Mean SF-36 Before and After the Procedure-Physical Activities at 1, 3 and 6 Months
Figure 4.
Vitality at 1, 3 and 6 Months
5. Discussion
Various studies have analyzed the efficacy of CRF treatment of the medial branch (16-20). Clinical data on the efficacy of PRF are limited, whereas there is a stronger evidence for CRF, not only with respect to pain relief but also in terms of functional restoration (21-25). Additionally, most reports are retrospective in nature and have involved only small patient groups.
A retrospective study by Mikeladze et al. (26) of 114 patients with cervical or lumbar facet joint pain who were responsive to diagnostic medial branch blocks and subsequently treated with PRF at 42°C for 120 seconds found that 68 patients had significant pain relief (> 50% pain reduction) that lasted an average of nearly 4 months. Lindner et al. (27) carried out a retrospective analysis of 48 patients who were suffering from LBP. All patients were treated with PRF at 42°C for 120 seconds at 2 levels using a 22 electrode with a 5-mm active tip, after successful diagnostic medial branch block. The authors noted a good outcome (> 60% improvement) at the 4-month follow-up.
Tekin et al. (28) performed a randomized, double-blind, study that compared the efficacy of PRF in the treatment of lumbar facet joint pain in 60 patients and found that both CRF and PRF were effective and safe and that pain relief was better than local anesthetic block alone, whereas the duration of pain relief with PRF was less than with CRF.
The use of PRF for the management of patients with zygoapophyseal joint pain was documented in 2 studies (11, 29). A total of 166 patients were treated, with a satisfactory clinical response of 3-6 months. Five retrospective trials reported on patients with different pain syndromes; in total, 343 patients were treated, with satisfactory results (30-33). Fifteen reviews, editorials, letters, and comments that have discussed the use of PRF have been located (34-42). Generally speaking, most authors consider the use of PRF as a minimally neurodestructive alternative option to RF heat lesions due to its potentially better risk/benefit ratio.
Our study was observational, enrolling 300 patients, which is adequte to analyze the efficacy and safety of a technique, such as PRF; however, the limitation of our study is that it was not a randomized controlled trial. There are ethical problems regarding the use of placebo in a controlled trial for patients who suffer from moderate to severe pain; moreover, more findings are needed to carry out a randomized controlled trial, as Gallagher (43) and others (44) claim. Such studies are also troublesome due to the etiological heterogeneity of pain disorders (45).
PRF is not a substitute for CRF under conditions for which thermal RF has an acknowledged and proven efficacy, but PRF is an attractive procedure on several accounts; in fact, PRF is supposed not to be neurolesive. This study suggests that PRF of the lumbar medial branch provides good pain relief 1 month after PRF in 70% of patients, whereas there was a recurrence of pain in 30% of patients. The results after 6 months were similar to those obtained after 1 month. In our experience, PRF is an effective and relatively safe technique, useful for treating facet joint pain that is refractory to conservative treatment. If the pain returns, PRF may be repeated safely. Further studies are needed to evaluate the parameters of PRF, especially temperature. Randomized controlled studies are recommended to compare CRF and PRF.
