1. Background
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause respiratory diseases ranging from a common cold to more severe illnesses such as MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 (caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus) (1, 2). Underlying factors causing COVID-19 (including ease of transmission, insecurity among the global population, delayed testing, limited medical equipment, and uncertainty about the course of the pandemic) and general anxiety level indicate the significance of investigating the issue (3). In addition, based on the psychology in the last decade and with the advent of positive psychology, theorists and researchers point to structures such as self-control, spirituality, happiness, optimism, hope, well-being, and resilience rather than focusing only on negative experiences or perceptions (4). Another important issue in mental health psychology is resilience, which has come to the fore in recent years. Connor and Davidson describe resilience as an individual’s ability to establish bio-psychological balance in dangerous conditions. They do not consider resilience to be merely resistance to threatening conditions, but they believe that the individual’s active participation in the environment is important (5). Determining the factors that have acted as resilience factors regarding individual, family, and social characteristics is one of the interests of resilience researchers (6). Resilience is a psychological concept dealing with the ability to adapt the level of control to the level of environmental conditions. The central core of the resilience construct is the assumption that there is a “biological nature” to growth and perfection in every human being (for example, the self-modification nature of the human organism) that can be revealed naturally and under certain environmental conditions (7). Research has also shown that resilience affects health and thus improves health conditions during the COVID-19 period in China (8). Since mental health has significantly declined and received the attention of researchers during the COVID-19, the high prevalence of depression, sleep disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been reported at the peak of the disease in China (9). The symptoms of psychological distress are expected to be long-lasting, thus necessitating evidence-based psychological therapies aiming at immediate stress relief and prevention of psychological disorders in this population. The research background of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective in treating and preventing several stress-related disorders in the human population (10). The CBT group therapy is one of the most widely used methods and one of the most important choices in the field of psychological treatment of this disorder. This treatment uses 4 components: exposure, response prevention (REP), the relationship between the events and thoughts, and recognition of maladaptive thoughts; thus, it can improve feeling and behavior by changing cognition. Research has shown the effectiveness of CBT in resilience (11), mental health and components of event impact (10), and anxiety (12).
2. Objectives
Given the above-mentioned materials, the present study addresses the question of whether CBT affects the resilience of recovered COVID-19 patients at the peak of the pandemic.
3. Methods
The present research is among applied designs in terms of the purpose. It is also among quasi-experimental designs of pretest-posttest type with a control group in terms of the method; in such designs, it is impossible to randomly select the subjects, and only the assignment is randomly performed in the groups. Sample subjects were randomly assigned to experimental (CBT group therapy) and control groups, and group therapy was performed. The questionnaires performed in the pretest and post-test stages in the 2 groups were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill, USA). The Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, approved this study (code: IR.IAU.ZAH.REC.1400.002).
3.1. Statistical Population
The statistical population of this study included all recovered COVID-19 patients at the peak of the pandemic in the city of Isfahan. In this research, purposive sampling was used to select the sample members, which were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. Thirty patients (15 subjects in each group) were included in the sample members. The exclusion criteria included psychological chronic disease, consuming antipsychotics, personal dissatisfaction, and consuming psychoactive drugs. The inclusion criteria included patients aged 18 - 60 years old, having at least a high school degree, and non-consumption of antipsychotic drugs.
3.2. Sample Size and Sampling Method
Due to various limitations, it was not possible to use random sampling; therefore, targeted sampling with random replacement was used. Given that in experimental and quasi-experimental studies, a sample size of 30 people (for 2 groups) has been suggested, the selected sample members were randomly divided into 2 groups; thus, there were 15 subjects in each group.
3.3. Research Tools
3.3.1. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale
Connor and Davidson prepared this questionnaire by reviewing the research sources in the field of resilience from 1979 to 1991. The psychometric properties of this scale were assessed in 6 groups: the general population, patients referred to the primary care unit, psychiatric outpatients, patients with generalized anxiety disorder, and 2 groups of patients with PTSD. The developers of this scale believe that this questionnaire can well distinguish resilient individuals from non-resilient ones in clinical and non-clinical groups and can be used in research and clinical situations (13). The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) contains 25 items that are scored on a Likert scale between 0 (completely incorrect) and 5 (always true) with a range of 25 - 125. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient test, with an alpha of 0.74 obtained for this questionnaire (13). The reliability of this tool in the present study was obtained at 0.71 by Cronbach’s alpha.
3.4. Procedure
The present study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT on the resilience of recovered COVID-19 patients at the peak of the pandemic in 2020 - 2021. From the list of individuals who were purposefully willing to participate in the study, 30 people were selected who completed the relevant questionnaires in the pretest stage; then, they were randomly divided into 2 groups of 15 in control and experiment groups. The experimental group selected in the intervention phase (4 weeks [1 month]) received a CBT protocol in 12 sessions (3 sessions per week). The post-test stage was then performed for all subjects in the 2 gropes. Afterward, the difference in scores between the pre-intervention and post-intervention stages was investigated and analyzed using SPSS version 20. It is noteworthy that after conducting the research, the control group received 6 CBT sessions; thus, the individuals in the control group have also received training from a moral point of view.
4. Results
A total of 30 patients were enrolled in this study (15 subjects in each group). The distribution of the mean age of the 2 groups is presented in Table 1.
Table 1.The Distribution of the Mean Age of the 2 Groups
| Groups | No. | Mean ± SD | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental | 15 | 32.6 ± 7.58 | 20 | 44 |
| Control | 15 | 33.53 ± 7.94 | 21 | 45 |
| Total | 30 | 33.06 ± 7.64 | 20 | 45 |
The mean age and education distribution of all participants are presented in Table 2 based on the study groups. As seen in Table 1, the mean age of the experimental group was 32.6 years with an SD of 7.58, and the mean age of the control group was 33.53 years with an SD of 7.94. Also, the mean age of the total individuals in the 2 groups was 33.06 years with an SD of 7.64.
Table 2.The Distribution of the Mean Resilience of the Studied Variables in the 2 Groups
| Variable | Stage | Experimental Group | Control Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resilience | Pretest | 76.53 ± 11.5 | 79.73 ± 14.1 |
| Posttest | 90.93 ± 8.22 | 82.06 ± 8.24 |
The distribution of the mean resilience in the 2 groups in the pretest and post-test stages is presented in Table 2.
As shown in Table 2, in the experimental group, the mean resilience was 76.53 in the pretest stage and 90.93 in the post-test stage, while in the control group, it was 79.73 in the pretest stage and 82.06 in the post-test stage. The results show that the mean preferences of coping actions in the experimental group for problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidant variables were 51.2, 41.86, and 47.73 in the pretest stage, and 59.8, 28.66, and 32.2 in the post-test stage, respectively. After describing and examining the assumptions of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of the research variables, the data related to these variables were inferred.
To compare the mean resilience post-test scores in the experimental and control groups, after controlling the effect of the pretest, the univariate ANCOVA was used, whose results are presented in Table 3.
Table 3.The Results of Analysis of Covariance to Compare the Mean Resilience Posttest Scores Between the 2 Groups
| Variable | Change Resources | Total Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squares | F | Level of Significance | Eta Squared |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resilience | Pretest | 64.95 | 1 | 64.95 | 0.957 | 0.337 | 0.034 |
| Group | 630.63 | 1 | 630.63 | 9.29 | 0.005 ** | 0.256 | |
| Error | 1832.91 | 27 | 67.88 | ||||
| Total | 226955 | 30 |
According to the results of Table 3, there is a significant difference between the mean resilience post-test scores (F27,1 = 9.29; P < 0.01;
5. Discussion
According to the results, there was a significant difference between the mean resilience post-test scores and problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidant coping preferences after eliminating the pretest effect in the experimental groups. Thus, the hypothesis that “CBT affects the resilience and coping preference of recovered COVID-19 patients at the peak of the pandemic” was confirmed. The results related to the adjusted mean also indicated the effectiveness of CBT on resilience. The obtained finding is somewhat consistent with the results of previous studies (10, 12, 14, 15).
In explaining the obtained finding, it should be said that by using exposure techniques, preventing negative and extreme responses, assessing and correcting the relationship between the events and thoughts, and recognizing maladaptive thoughts, CBT could help the individual cope with anxious events (such as illness and its consequences) and reduce anxiety in dealing with unpleasant issues (12). When an individual’s anxiety in dealing with these traumatic issues decreases, he/she can cope with issues (such as illness) with greater mental strength, which finally leads to an increase in his/her mental performance and reduces the negative and adverse effects of this event (13).
On the other hand, it should be noted that CBT is widely used in the field of PTSD problems because this treatment to reduce anxiety targets the thought circle that makes the connection between the anxious event and its subsequent negative effects (16); therefore, it can be used during the COVID-19 pandemic as an effective treatment to reduce the adverse effects of anxiety during this period. In this regard, Yang et al. indicated that CBT increased an individual’s psychological capabilities to cope with problematic issues and, by promoting the individual’s resilience, helped his/her cope with the subsequent effects of the disease and its following anxious conditions. Therefore, it is obvious that CBT can help reduce the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (17).
In explaining the obtained finding, it should be said that according to Waugh and Koster (18). therapies such as CBT are mainly based on promoting the psychological nature and tolerance of psychological distress, which can have a significant effect on improving the individuals’ level of resilience. In fact, one of the main focuses of CBT is the promotion of resilience. What leads to resilience in CBT and its related training is the recognition of negative thoughts and cognitive distortions. In fact, what leads to the promotion of resilience in CBT is not merely the training of this approach; in other words, this approach leads to the promotion of resilience by eliminating the factors that reduce resilience (19).
5.1. Conclusions
This study, like other studies, has limitations, such as the impossibility of holding face-to-face meetings (due to COVID-19 conditions) and the limitations associated with the participation of both genders in interventions (training was performed only among recovered COVID-19 female patients). In future research, it is suggested that the effect of other factors involved in the psychological problems of recovered COVID-19 patients be controlled when performing training. In addition, given the results of this study and the effectiveness of CBT, it is suggested that long-term follow-ups be performed in a larger sample in future studies to evaluate the stability of results, and also CBT-based training and treatment courses be held for recovered COVID-19 patients.
