1. Introduction
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality (1). It is estimated that there are 185 million infected patients worldwide (2). Persistent HCV infection is associated with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma development, liver failure, and death (3). The disease progression in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection is highly variable among individuals. Several factors have been recognized to be associated with the progression of HCV-related liver fibrosis as well as clinical course, including age and time since initial HCV infection, alcoholism, obesity, co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatic steatosis (4-6). Due to the fact that progression to fibrosis remains variable among patients with similar environmental or virological risks, host genetic predisposition has been suggested as another critical factor (7, 8).
A recent study has identified that non-synonymous polymorphism rs58542926 C > T (E167K) in the gene of transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) is significantly associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (9). This TM6SF2 variant has subsequently been associated with severity of NAFLD-associated hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis, independent of recognized confounding factors such as obesity, diabetes, age, or PNPLA3 (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3) genotype (10).
To date, only three studies have examined the effects of the TMS6SF2 variant on CHC patients, bearing controversial results (11-13).
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the association between TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphism and the risk of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in Chilean patients with CHC.
2. Methods
2.1. Patient Samples
We studied blood samples collected from 153 Chilean patients with CHC infection between March 2000 and August 2014 at University of Chile Clinical Hospital (Santiago, Chile). Inclusion criteria included: i) patients older than 18 years, ii) CHC diagnosis based on anti-HCV and HCV RNA positivity for at least 6 months, iii) availability of liver biopsy prior to antiviral treatment and, iv) availability of blood sample stored at -80°C obtained concomitant with liver biopsy. Exclusion criteria included: i) alcohol abuse (> 30 g/day for males and > 20 g/day for females for at least 5 years), ii) autoimmune hepatitis, iii) co-infections with HIV or HBV and, iv) liver transplant recipients.
All patients planned to receive anti-viral therapy, and a liver biopsy was performed prior to treatment. Among these patients, no alcohol consumers and no co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis B virus were identified.
HCV genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP as previously described (14). The viral load was measured using the COBAS® TaqMan® hepatitis C virus test (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ, USA).
2.2. Histological Classification
The percentage of steatosis among total hepatocytes and fibrosis stages was assessed by a single pathologist who was blind to the study. The presence of steatosis was analyzed considering previous established criteria (15): Grade 0 (absence) < 5%, Grade 1 5% - 33%, Grade 2 34% - 66%, and Grade 4 > 66%. Due to the small number of patients in the grade 2 and 3 categories (only two patients in our study), we merely analyzed the steatosis as a qualitative variable (< 5% = absence, ≥ 5% = presence). Fibrosis was expressed according to the METAVIR scoring system (F0 - F4).
2.3. TM6SF2 rs58542926 and PNPLA3 rs738409 Genotyping
Genomic DNA was prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes using high pure system nucleic acid kit (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ, USA). The TM6SF2 rs58542926 and PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphisms genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP. For the PCR, oligonucleotide primers were designed with the aid of the NCBI Primer-Blast Tool. For TM6SF2, the primers were TM-F (5'- ACGGGGAAAGTTCAGGCACATTG -3') and TM-R (5'- CCTGGGCAGCATGGTGAAACC -3'). For PNPLA3, the primers were PNPLA3-F (5'- AGTTCCCCGTTCTTTTGACCC -3') and PNPLA3-R (5'- TCAGCGCTAGCAGAGAAAGC -3'). The conditions for both PCR reactions (30 μL) were: initial denaturation at 94°C for 10 minutes, subsequently 40 cycles of: 94°C denaturation for 1 minute, 62°C annealing for 40 seconds, and 72°C extension for 1 minute, and a final extension for 10 minutes. The PCR product sizes were 429 and 247 base pairs for TM6SF2 and PNPLA3, respectively.
The RFLP assay for the TM6SF2 rs58542926 genotype was performed with 20 μL of amplicons, which were digested with 5U of Hpy188I restriction endonuclease (New England Biolabs, MA, USA) at 37°C for 3 hours. Digestion of genotype CC with Hpy188I yields fragments of 178, 166, and 85 base pairs. Genotype TT digestion yields fragments of 251 and 178 base pairs, whereas genotype CT yields fragments of 251, 178, 166, and 85 base pairs.
The RFLP assay for the PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype was also performed with 20 μL of amplicons, which were digested with 5U of BtsCI restriction endonuclease (New England Biolabs) at 50°C for 3 hours. Digestion of genotype CC with BtsCI yielded the fragments of 173 and 74 base pairs, whereas genotype GG was not digested, keeping the original size. Both PCR and Restriction digestion products were analyzed on agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide and placed on a UV trans-illuminator for visualization and photographic record.
2.4. Association Between TM6SF2 rs58542926 C > T Polymorphism and Histological Damage
The association of TM6SF2 rs58542926 genotype (CC, CG and GG) with the risk of fibrosis was assessed by comparing patients with METAVIR score F0, F1, or F2 (no fibrosis, mild fibrosis, or intermediate fibrosis, respectively), with patients with METAVIR score F3 or F4 (severe fibrosis or cirrhosis). Steatosis was evaluated by comparing absence (< 5%) versus presence (≥ 5%).
The ethics committee of University of Chile Clinical Hospital approved this study with certificate of approval number 042/2015.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Categorical variables were summarized as frequency and percentage, whereas continuous variables were shown as mean ± standard deviation. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate normality. Categorical variables were analyzed using the two-sided chi-square test and quantitative variables were assayed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test or analysis of variance when appropriate. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the association of TM6SF2 with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis through odd ratio (OR) risk effect measure, after adjustment for priori clinically relevant variables (age, gender, body mass index, diabetes, and PNPLA3 genotype). The software STATA version 12.0 was used for statistical analyses; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
153 Chilean patients with CHC were retrospectively analyzed in this cohort; 65 patients were male and the mean age was 51 ± 11 years. HCV genotype 1 was found in 127 patients (83%), genotype 3 in 16 patients (10.5%), genotype 2 in 4 patients (2.6%), and genotypes 4 and 5 in 1 patient (0.65%). The total number of patients with presence of steatosis was 80 (52.3%) and with presence of severe fibrosis or cirrhosis was 55 (36%).
The distribution of TM6SF2 rs58542926 genotypes was 138 patients with CC (90.2%) and 15 with CT (9.8 %). No patient was found with homozygous genotype TT.
The 138 patients with TM6SF2 CC genotype were similar to the 15 CT genotype patients with regard to the age, gender, body mass index (BMI), presence of diabetes, biochemical parameters, steatosis, fibrosis stage, and PNPLA3 genotype (Table 1).
Table 1.
Characteristics of 153 Chilean Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C According to TM6SF2 rs58542926 Genotypea
| Variable | TM6SF2 CC (n = 138) | TM6SF2 CT (n = 15) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 51.4 ± 10.9 | 47.9 ± 10.4 | 0.2551 |
| Gender (male/female) | 61/77 | 4/11 | 0.1920 |
| Diabetes | 18 (13) | 4 (26.7) | 0.1530 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.46 ± 4.22 | 26.37 ± 4.32 | 0.9511 |
| Platelet counts × 103 U/L | 188 ± 77 | 196 ±98 | 0.7660 |
| ALT, IU/L | 120 ± 100 | 154 ± 140 | 0.5234 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 171 ± 29 | 169 ± 30 | 0.8173 |
| HCV viral loads, IU/mL | 0.9910 | ||
| > 600.000 | 83 (60.1) | 9 (60) | |
| < 600.000 | 55 (39.9) | 6 (40) | |
| HCV genotype | 0.8760 | ||
| 1 | 115 (93.3) | 12 (80) | |
| 2 | 3 (2.2) | 1 (6.7) | |
| 3 | 15 (10.9) | 1 (6.7) | |
| 4 | 1 (7.2) | ||
| 5 | 1 (7.2) | ||
| Not determined | 3 (2.2) | 1 (6.7) | |
| Steatosis, % | 0.3160 | ||
| < 5 | 64 (46.4) | 9 (60) | |
| ≥ 5 | 74 (53.6) | 6 (40) | |
| Fibrosis | |||
| F0 - F2 | 88 (63.8) | 10 (66.7) | 0.8240 |
| F3 - F4 | 50 (36.2) | 5 (33.3) | |
| PNPLA3 rs738409 | 1.000 | ||
| CC | 32 (23.2) | 3 (20) | |
| CG | 25 (18.1) | 3 (20) | |
| GG | 72 (52.2) | 7 (46.7) | |
| Not determined | 9 (6.5) | 2 (13.3) |
Abbreviation: ALT, alanine aminotransferase.
aValues are expressed as mean ± SD or No. (%).
In addition, we performed a univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis for presence of steatosis and fibrosis that included the TM6SF2 rs58542926 genotype considering homozygote CC as a reference and involved reported clinical factors (Table 2). Age, BMI, and PNPLA3 GG genotype were significantly associated with the presence of steatosis using univariate analysis. After adjustment, only BMI and PNPLA3 GG genotype remained significantly associated with steatosis. On the other hand, age, presence of diabetes and steatosis were significantly associated with fibrosis on univariate analysis. After adjustment, only age and steatosis remained independently associated with histological liver damage (Table 2). TM6SF2 CT genotype was not associated with the risk of steatosis or fibrosis.
Table 2.
Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of TM6SF2 rs58542926 Genotype Influence on Histological Liver Damage Characteristicsa
| Univariate | Multivariable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | P Value | OR | 95% CI | P Value |
| Steatosis (< 5% versus ≥ %5) | ||||||
| TM6SF2 rs58542926 CC | 1.00 | |||||
| TM6SF2 rs58542926 CT | 0.58 | 0.19 - 1.71 | 0.320 | 0.62 | 0.17 - 2.22 | 0.459 |
| Age, y | 1.04 | 1.01 - 1.07 | 0.019 | 1.02 | 0.98 - 1.05 | 0.346 |
| Sex (Female) | 0.81 | 0.43 - 1.54 | 0.516 | 0.81 | 0.38 - 1.74 | 0.598 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 1.15 | 1.06 - 1.26 | 0.001b | 1.16 | 1.05 - 1.27 | 0.003b |
| Diabetes | 2.18 | 0.83 - 5.68 | 0.113 | 1.88 | 0.59 - 5.94 | 0.283 |
| PNPLA3 rs738409 GG | 3.13 | 1.36 - 7.20 | 0.007b | 3.57 | 1.43 - 8.89 | 0.006b |
| Fibrosis (F0-F2 versus F3-F4) | ||||||
| TM6SF2 rs58542926 CC | 1.00 | |||||
| TM6SF2 rs58542926 CT | 0.88 | 0.28 - 2.72 | 0.824 | 1.07 | 0.29 - 3.87 | 0.923 |
| Age, y | 1.06 | 1.02 - 1.09 | 0.002b | 1.05 | 1.01 - 1.09 | 0.011b |
| Sex (Female) | 1.21 | 0.62 - 2.35 | 0.578 | 1.59 | 0.74 - 3.44 | 0.235 |
| BMI, Kg/m2 | 1.08 | 0.99 - 1.17 | 0.051 | 1.03 | 0.94 - 1.13 | 0.486 |
| Diabetes | 3.84 | 1.49 - 9.87 | 0.005b | 2.43 | 0.88 - 6.69 | 0.085 |
| Steatosis (≥ %5) | 2.63 | 1.32 - 4.24 | 0.006b | 2.17 | 1.02 - 4.69 | 0.043b |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
aValues are expressed as mean ± SD or No. (%).
bP value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.
4. Discussion
This study demonstrated that TM6SF2 rs58542926 C > T polymorphism showed a low prevalence in Chilean patients with CHC and it was not associated with the risk of steatosis or fibrosis. Moreover, our current report represents the first analysis of this genetic variant in CHC from Latin-American region.
The role of TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphism as a determinant of steatosis and fibrosis has been clearly demonstrated in NAFLD (9, 10, 16, 17). Currently, only limited data have been published on the effect of TM6SF2 variants on CHC, all of which are Italian studies that have obtained discordant results. Coppola et al. found an association between TM6SF2 and severe steatosis, but not with fibrosis in 148 patients with CHC having different HCV genotypes, predominantly of genotype 1 (11). Milano et al. described the association of TM6SF2 with steatosis and cirrhosis in a study of 815 CHC patients, with different HCV genotypes although genotype 1 was the most prevalent (12). Conversely, Petta et al. concluded that TM6SF2 is not associated with steatosis and fibrosis in a cohort of 694 patients with CHC, all with HCV genotype 1 (13). Our results in CHC (containing mainly HCV genotype 1) are consistent with the latter study. Interestingly, the three mentioned studies reported the prevalence of TM6SF2 rs58542926 C > T polymorphism as low as we found in the current study, indicating that the majority of the patients are heterozygous which makes it difficult to determine the possible effect among homozygous TT patients. Similarly, studies on patients with NAFLD and without HCV infection also report very low prevalence of homozygous patients with unfavorable T allele (9, 10).
On the other hand, in our cohort, only 10.5% were infected by HCV genotype 3 strains and no chronic alcohol consumption was reported; thus, these factors are known to be associated with steatosis and do not represent a significant risk for fatty liver. Therefore, PNPLA3 GG genotype and BMI were the only factors associated with the presence of steatosis, which is consistent with previous studies (18, 19). Regarding the PNPLA3 polymorphism, it is necessary to note that more than 50% of our patients were homozygotes GG, which could explain in part the observed steatosis. This percentage is much higher than that described in the Italian studies mentioned above (< 10%).
It is known that fat accumulation is associated with oxidative hepatocellular damage, inflammation, and activation of fibrogenesis, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (20). In our analysis, we actually found a clear association between the presence of steatosis and fibrosis stage.
In conclusion, in this study the TM6SF2 rs58542926 C > T polymorphism had low prevalence in Chilean patients with CHC and was not associated with risk of hepatic steatosis or liver fibrosis. Further Latin-American and worldwide studies are needed to confirm these findings in different populations.
