1. Background
Addiction is a psychological and behavioral syndrome with a high desire to use drugs and reuse it after stopping (1) and is considered as a physical, mental, social and spiritual illness (2). Available statistics show high rates of drug use. The number of drug users worldwide reaches 190 million people and the number of addicts in Iran reaches two million people with a mean age of 18 years (3). The overall trend shows an increase in the number of addicts over the past 40 years (4). Therefore, the growth rate of drug abuse was three times more than the population growth rate over the past 20 years in Iran (5).
According to the above statistics, prevention and rehabilitation programs were designed and implemented for drug addiction but the addicts’ population remained high, especially in people who stopped their use. Addiction relapse is one of the important issues in addiction recovery (6). Some experts reported that nearly 90% of all the treated addicts experienced relapse within one year after discharge (7). Thus, efforts are vital to identify the factors affecting relapse.
As noted above, addiction is a disease in which the biological, psychological, and social factors are playing major roles (8), but social factors and determinants have more basic roles in the incidence, prevalence and persistence of addiction (9). One of the social determinants is family factors especially the family’s expressed emotions. Expressed emotion indicates the family emotional status that reflects the quality of relationship between the patient and his family members (10). Family emotional environment against the disease is very important and quality of family emotional atmosphere affects the disease recovery and treatment (11). Effects of family expressed emotion on illness were previously shown on schizophrenia patients. Apart from schizophrenia, there were studies which showed that the expressed emotion is associated with mood and eating disorders (11), personality disorders (12), bipolar disorder (13), anxiety disorders, and also with substance abuse (14).
The lack of proper communication with the family members (single individuals) and lack of understanding and maltreatment of husband, wife, and children (married individuals) was found as an important factor in addiction relapse (3) but the change of family expressed emotion and its impact on addiction received little attention. Social support is another determinant that affects addiction. Social support is defined as social resources that non-professionals provide for the supported person in the formal context of support groups or in informal helping relationships (15).
The role of perceived social support in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse and relapse is shown in various studies. In this regard, the studies by Spoth and Redmond (16) and Blume et al. (17) suggest that the existence of supportive structures and networks, as well as supportive interventions such as spiritual and familial support have major role in promotion of treatment goals in drug abusers and prevention of relapse. Available social support affects the line of addiction and recurrence in addict people (18). Perceived social support acts as a shield against the recurrence and relapse by increasing the psychological health (19). Richardson (20) found that the presence of family members in the social network of addicts in order to prolong drug abstinence is effective one year after the detoxification. Davis and Jason (21) also concluded that there was a positive relationship between drug abstinence duration and receiving social support. Clients' perceptions regarding social support, improves their psychosocial functioning during the treatment process (22). Other studies also showed that during the early stages of treatment, the support of other people has important role in addiction treatment (23, 24). The results of the study by Hashemi et al. revealed that the people who did not relapse had better condition with respect to social support than those who did (9). In contrast, some studies (25) showed that social support cannot always predict the improvement stages. Considering the high and increasing prevalence of addiction and relapse, and gaps in the existing research on the role of expressed emotion and perceived social support on drug abuse relapse, the current study tried to answer: whether family expressed emotion and addicts perceived social support has the ability to predict relapse?
2. Objectives
The current study aimed to investigate the role of family expressed emotion and perceived social support in prediction of retrospective relapse of addiction among addicts.
3. Patients and Methods
The descriptive-correlation method was used in the current study. The study population consisted of individuals referred to addiction treatment centers in Ardabil from October 2013 to January 2014. Eighty subjects were selected from ten randomly selected centers with regard to entry criteria (lack of chronic, emotional, and cognitive problems, married for at least five years and having family, addicted to one or more substances). The study used the following instruments for data collection:
3.1. Cole and Kazaryan Expressed Emotion Test
This paper-based test included 60 questions with multiple-choice answers (seldom = 4, sometimes= 3, often= 2, always= 1) that measured the emotional responses, negative attitudes and tolerance, low/high expectations, and a total score of expressed emotions level. In each subset, the maximum score was 60 and the total score was 240. High scores in this scale are indicative of high levels of expressed emotion. The cutoff points are reported as follows: the scores less than 116 indicate lower expressed emotion, and the scores above 150 indicate highly expressed emotion. This test was translated to Farsi by Dehqani for the first time in Iran and its internal validity was determined using Cronbach’s alpha reported 0.94, 0.70, 0.89, 0.84, and 0.78, for the total scale, interruptions/intervention, emotional response, negative attitudes towards the disease, and tolerance/expectations, respectively (26).
3.2. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet et al. (27) made this questionnaire to measure the extent to which an individual perceives social support from three sources: Significant Others (SO) (items 1, 2, 5, and 10), Family (FA) (items 3, 4, 8, and 11) and Friends (FR) (items 6, 7, 9, and 12). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a brief, easy to administer self-report questionnaire which includes twelve items rated on a seven-point Likert-type scale with scores ranging from very strongly disagree (1) to very strongly agree (7). The MSPSS has proven to be psychometrically sound in diverse samples, and to have good internal and test-retest reliability, and robust factorial validity. Overall alpha coefficient was 0.91 and its subscale alpha coefficients ranged from 0.90 to 0.95. To analyze data, the statistical tests of Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used on SPSS-16.
4. Results
Table 1 shows significant positive relationships between frequency of relapse and tolerance/expectation, negative attitude, and emotional response (P < 0.05) but the relationship between the frequency of relapse and the emotional intervention was not significant. There were significant negative relationships between frequency of relapse and perceived social support from family, friends, and total social support (P ≤ 0.01).
To evaluate the predictability of relapse frequency based on the expressed emotion and perceived social support, the multiple regression analysis was used and its results were reported in the subsequent tables. Table 2, shows that the frequency predicting model of relapse based on expressed emotion and perceived social support was significant and the predictor variables (expressed emotion and perceived social support) explain 21% of the relapse frequency. Table 3 shows that among the predictor variables included in the model, all variables except the perceived social support from friends and important people, had the ability to predict the relapse frequency, significantly.
Table 1. Correlation Coefficients of Expressed Emotion and Social Support Components With the Frequency of Relapse a
| Variables | Mean ± SD | r | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional intervention | 36.37 ± 4.45 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
| Tolerance/expectation | 37.10 ± 10.04 | 0.25 | 0.02 |
| Negative attitudes | 35.61 ± 9.87 | 0.22 | 0.04 |
| Emotional response | 37.17 ± 10.02 | 0.24 | 0.03 |
| Total expressed emotion | 149.37 ± 28.27 | 0.26 | 0.02 |
| Family social support | 17.71 ± 7.46 | -0.37 | 0.001 |
| Friends social support | 12.52 ± 6.82 | -0.28 | 0.01 |
| Important people social support | 16.41 ± 6.91 | -0.14 | 0.21 |
| Total social support | 46.65 ± 16.44 | -0.34 | 0.002 |
a r, Pearson's correlation coefficient
Table 2. Regression Analysis of Relapse Frequency, Based on Expressed Emotion and Perceived Social Support a
| SS | df | MS | f | P | R | R2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictive Variable | |||||||
| Regression | 166.52 | 8 | 20.81 | 2.31 | 0.029 | 0.46 | 0.21 |
| Residual | 620.20 | 69 | 8.98 | ||||
| Total | 786.72 | 77 |
a Abbreviations: df, degrees of freedom; f, f-ratio; MS, mean square; P, significance; R, multi correlation; R2, R square; SS, sum of squares.
Table 3. Standardized and Non-standardized Coefficients of Predicting Relapse Frequency Based on Expressed Emotion and Perceived Social Support a
| Variables | Non-standardized coefficients | ß | t | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | ||||
| Constant | 2.74 | 4.14 | 0.66 | 0.51 | |
| Important people social support | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.18 | 1.26 | 0.21 |
| Family social support | -0.2 | 0.08 | -0.47 | -2.64 | 0.01 |
| Friends social support | -0.05 | 0.06 | -0.096 | -7.79 | 0.43 |
| Total expressed emotion | -0.88 | 0.42 | -7.83 | -2.07 | 0.04 |
| Emotional intervention | 0.96 | 0.45 | 1.34 | 2.09 | 0.04 |
| Tolerance/Expectation | 0.92 | 0.45 | 2.93 | 2.04 | 0.04 |
| Negative attitudes | 0.87 | 0.43 | 2.72 | 2.03 | 0.04 |
| Emotional response | 0.91 | 0.43 | 2.87 | 2.08 | 0.04 |
a Abbreviations: B, Unstandardized coefficient; ß, Beta (standardized regression Coefficient); SE, Standard Error; t, t value.
5. Discussion
The current study aimed to identify the role of expressed emotion and perceived social support in predicting addiction relapse. The results showed significant positive relationships between frequency of relapse and tolerance/expectation, negative attitude, emotional response and total score of expressed emotion, but the relationship between the frequency of relapse and the emotional intervention was not significant. Thus, the increase of family expressed emotion in components of tolerance/expectation, negative attitude, emotional response, and total expressed emotion increased the relapse frequency. The obtained results were consistent with those of Butzlaff and Hooley (11) that showed the effect of relatives expressed emotion on relapse of affective and eating disorders; Hooley (12) and Miklowitz (13) that showed the effect of family expressed emotion in improvement of personality, mood, depression and bipolar disorders; and Hooley and Parker (14) that showed expressed emotion associated with anxiety disorders and successful treatment of substance abusers.
To explain the relationship between family expressed emotion and success in treatment, it can be noted that most of the people with mental disorders refer to rehabilitation and pass it, but many people are likely to recur in the disorder. One of the factors contributing to relapse after rehabilitation is impaired family expressed emotion. High level of expressed emotion in close relatives and family of the patient leads to increased family pressure and criticism over the patients, which results in returning the person to his old form and illnesses. The pressures of negative criticism and compassion puts a heavy burden on individuals with disorder that the only way to cope with this stress and mental pressure, is regression to the past state of disease and relapse (10).
The study also showed significant negative relationships between frequency of relapse and perceived social support from family, friends and total social support. It means that the decrease of perceived social support from family, friends and total social support associated with the increase of relapses probability. The current study results were consistent with those of previous studies such as the study by Ellis et al. (18) that showed the effect of available social support in the addiction and relapse pathway of addict people and the study by Dodge and Potocky (19) that indicated the effect of perceived social support on increasing people's mental health. But these results were incongruent with the results obtained by MacDonald et al. (25) who argued that social support does not lead to improvement. These results emphasized on the fact that the existence of supportive structures and networks, as well as supportive interventions such as spiritual and familial support have major role in promotion of treatment goals among drug abusers and relapse prevention. Lack of perceived social support especially social support from family, friends and the community reduce the resistance of patients against environmental stress that in turn can lead to relapse of disease and drug abuse. Since drug abusers often feel alone, developing a support network for such people can prevent addiction relapse. Clients, by engaging in this process, feel that they have a support system when attempting to quit. Also, identifying and creating other opportunities in the social context that encourages a person to change behavior help people to develop their support networks. Lack of social support increases the likelihood of slip, and may eventually lead to relapse (28).
The major limitation of this study was gender limitation that the samples were selected only from the male. Second limitation related to regional limitation that the samples were selected only from Ardabil city. The last limitation was lack of control on drug types used by the participants. Therefore, for further studies, it is suggested that: the relationship between variables in female addicts be considered, the abused substance be controlled, subjects would be selected from different cities and even villages, finally, the study suggests that in order to increase efficiency and enhance the success rate in addiction treatment, professional should consider expressed emotion and perceived social support from family; and patients and their families should be helped to identify the patients` social support networks and become more aware of their current and potential relationships.
