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https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2016.1918

Novel Oxadiazole Thioglycosides as Potential Anti-Acinetobacter Agents

Author(s):
Karim Akbari DilmaghaniKarim Akbari Dilmaghania,*, Fazel Nasuhi PurFazel Nasuhi Purb,*, Majid Mahammad pourMajid Mahammad poura, Jafar Mahammad nejadJafar Mahammad nejada
aDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
bHealth Technology Incubator Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
Corresponding Authors:
IJ Pharmaceutical Research:Vol. 15, issue 4; 777-782
Published online:Oct 31, 2016
Article type:Original Article
Received:May 31, 2015
Accepted:Aug 31, 2015
How to Cite:Akbari Dilmaghani K, Nasuhi Pur F, Mahammad pour M, Mahammad nejad J. Novel Oxadiazole Thioglycosides as Potential Anti-Acinetobacter Agents. Iran J Pharm Res. 2016;15(4):e125218. doi: https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2016.1918

Abstract

Keywords
1
3
4-Oxadiazole-2-thione
β-Pyranosyl
Thioglycoside
Nucleoside
in-vitro
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Antiproliferative activity

Introduction

The resistance of infective bacteria to present antibiotics demands research assigned to the discovery of new drugsin the antibacterial drug field. The majority of carbohydrates found in nature or biological systems exist as glycoconjugates in which the monosaccharide units are joined via O-, N-, or S-glycosidic bonds. Thioglycosides have received considerable attention, because they are widely employed as biological inhibitors, inducers and ligandsfor affinity chromatography of carbohydrate-processing enzymes and proteins (1-8). They have excellent chemoselectivity in glycosylation processes as both donors and acceptorsparticularly via reaction processesthat involve active and latent glycosylation protocols (9). The thioglycosyl heterocycles are sufficiently stable under a variety of reaction conditions and have the ability to be readilyconverted into a variety of other functionalities (10, 11). Multivalent display of carbohydrates is frequently used as a method to increase affinities in various contexts such as the binding of bacteria, bacterial toxins, galectins and other lectins (12-24). These properties may affect medicinal effect of antibiotic agents.
On the other hand, oxadiazole derivatives, which belong to an important group of heterocyclic compounds, have been thesubject of extensive study in the recent past. Numerous reports have highlighted their chemistry anduse. Diverse biological activities, such as antiinflamatory, antitumor, antimicrobial and anticonvulsant, have been found to be associated with oxadiazole derivatives (25-28). Moreover, sulfur-containing heterocycles represent an important group of sulfur compounds that are promising for use in practical applications.
General synthetic pathway for the synthesis of thioglycosyl oxadiazoles
Figure 1

General synthetic pathway for the synthesis of thioglycosyl oxadiazoles

Table 1In-vitro antibacterial activity of synthetic compounds against Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus ATCC 23055 (concentration = 10 µg/µL
CompoundDiameter of inhib. zone (mm)CompoundDiameter of inhib. zone (mm)
a119c128
a218c229
a316c325
Therefore, it is interesting to report the synthesis of a new series of compounds in which the glycosyl moieties have been used as carriers for the heterocycles having the oxadiazole ring.
In our previous work (29), we reported the synthesis antibacterial properties of new series of thioglycoside derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones, whereas in the present work, we report the synthesisof new groups of anti-Acinetobacter calcoaceticus agents in which 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones moiety is coupled to monosaccharide unit.

Experimental

1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE-300 spectrometer at 300 and 75 MHz, respectively in CDCl3 using TMS as the internal standard. High-resolutionmass spectra were obtained with a HPLC-Q-TOF system equipped with Q-TOF micromass spectrometer (dual ESI). Melting points were measured on a Philip Harris C4954718apparatus without calibration. Optically active samples were analyzed by EHARTNACKapparatus (Paris, France) at 20 °C in dichloromethane. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analyses were carried out on silica gel plates. All chemicals were purchased from Merckand used as received.
5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione (a1)
Yield: 74%; mp 158-160 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 7.52 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.96 (d, J = 6.9, 2H, ArH) 10.75 (bs, 1H, N-H); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 122.90, 126.47, 129.85, 132.67, 160.90 (Ar), 177.88 (C=S).
5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione (a2)
Yield: 84%; mp 162-164 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 7.10 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.49 (t, 1H, J = 7.1, ArH), 7.72 (2, 1H, J = 8.1, ArH), 8.39 (bs, 1H, OH), 11.34 (bs, 1H, N-H); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 109.79, 111.17, 119.84, 129.50, 133.87, 156.78, 160.27 (Ar), 177.47 (C=S).
5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione (a3)
Yield: 78%; mp 167-168 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 7.40-7.60 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.94 (d, J = 7.8, 1H, ArH), 11.10 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 120.93, 124.43, 126.85, 131.76, 132.44, 148.53, 159.15 (Ar), 178.04 (C=S)
5-(2-furyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione (a4)
Yield: 69%; mp 152-155 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 6.62 (bs, 1H, Furyl), 7.18 (bs, 1H, Furyl), 7.66 (bs, 1H, Furyl), 11.38 (bs, 1H, N-H); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 113.05, 115.37, 137.99, 147.61, 153.90 (Ar), 177.10 (C=S).
2-phenyl-5-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (b1)
Yield: 64%; mp 102-105 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 1.95 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.04 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.09 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.18 (s, 3H, OAc), 3.88-3.99 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.12-4.20 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.27-4.30 (m, 1H, H-5), 5.14-5.71 (m, 3H, H-2, -3, -4), 5.96 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.3, H-1), 7.52 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.94-8.04 (m, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 20.56 (2C), 20.72 (2C) (4 × OCOCH3), 61.55 (C-6), 67.56 (C-4), 69.76 (C-2), 73.52 (C-3), 74.71 (C-5), 83.42 (C-1), 121.93, 126.80, 129.18, 132.03, 132.79 (Ar), 166.52 (C−S), 168.93, 168.37, 170.06, 170.58 (4 × OCOCH3).
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (b2)
Yield: 66%; mp 99-101 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 2.03 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.04 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.06 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.10 (s, 3H, OAc), 3.88-3.92 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.13-4.17 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.27-4.32 (m, 1H, H-5), 5.14-5.37 (m, 3H, H-2, -3, -4), 5.50 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.6, H-1), 7.02 (t, 1H, J = 7.8, ArH), 7.13 (d, 1H, J = 8.4, ArH), 7.47 (t, 1H, J = 6.9, ArH), 7.72 (d, 1H, J = 7.8, ArH), 9.87 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 20.54 (2C), 20.60 (2C) (4 × OCOCH3), 61.56 (C-6), 67.72 (C-4), 69.74 (C-2), 73.46 (C-3), 76.62 (C-5), 83.33 (C-1), 107.58, 117.66, 120.11, 126.54, 134.04, 157.34, 160.02 (Ar), 165.92 (C−S), 169.34, 169.43, 169.966, 170.54 (4 × OCOCH3).
2-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (b3)
Yield: 58%; mp 112-113 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 2.04 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.06 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.09 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.10 (s, 3H, OAc), 3.88-4.05 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.14-4.21 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.28-4.33 (m, 1H, H-5), 5.16-5.67 (m, 3H, H-2, -3, -4), 5.97 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.3, H-1), 7.75 (t, J = 7.8, 1H, ArH), 8.27-8.43 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.84 (d, J = 8.1, 1H, ArH); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 20.53 (2C), 20.65 (2C) (4 × OCOCH3), 61.50 (C-6), 67.70 (C-4), 69.71 (C-2), 73.49 (C-3), 74.83 (C-5), 83.32 (C-1), 121.80, 124.93, 126.36, 127.03, 130.52, 132.21, 148.67 (Ar), 164.50 (C-S), 169.33, 169.44, 169.97, 170.53 (4 × OCOCH3).
2-(2-furyl)-5-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (b4)
Yield: 72%; mp 107-109 °C; 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 1.97 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.04 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.07 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.10 (s, 3H, OAc), 3.85-4.00 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.13-4.21 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.27-4.32 (m, 1H, H-5), 5.24 (t, 1H, J1,2=J2,3 = 9.3, H-2), 5.42 (t, 1H, J2,3=J3,4 = 9.3, H-4), 5.61 (t, 1H, J2,3=J3,4 = 9.3, H-3), 6.34 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.3, H-1), 6.61 (bs, 1H, Furyl), 7.17 (bs, 1H, Furyl), 7.66 (bs, 1H, Furyl); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 20.49 (2C), 20.70 (2C) (4 × OCOCH3), 61.54 (C-6), 67.51 (C-4), 69.40 (C-2), 73.04 (C-3), 74.75 (C-5), 83.17 (C-1), 112.36, 116.17, 137.41, 146.80, 152.37 (Ar), 159.98 (C-S), 168.97, 169.28, 170.04, 170.56 (4 × OCOCH3).
2-phenyl-5-(β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (c1)
Yield: 33%; mp 108-110 °C; [α]D20= 3° (c = 1.0, CH2Cl2). 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 3.92-4.03 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.12-4.22 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.27-4.30 (m, 1H, H-5), 4.35-4.85 (m, 4H, OH), 5.12-5.70 (m, 3H, H-2, -3, -4), 5.99 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.3, H-1), 7.50 (m, 3H, ArH), 7.94-8.02 (m, 2H, ArH); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 61.76 (C-6), 67.64 (C-4), 69.26 (C-2), 73.59 (C-3), 74.78 (C-5), 83.37 (C-1), 122.23, 126.88, 129.40, 132.09, 132.99 (Ar), 166.45 (C−S); HRMS spectrum (ESI), m/z: Calculated, 340.0729. C14H16N2O6S [M+H]+. Found, 341.0817.
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (c2)
Yield: 46%; mp 144-145 °C; [α]D20= 4° (c = 1.0, CH2Cl2). 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 3.86-3.97 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.11-4.16 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.26-4.32 (m, 1H, H-5), 4.37-4.83 (m, 4H, OH), 5.13-5.37 (m, 3H, H-2, -3, -4), 5.57 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.6, H-1), 7.03 (t, 1H, J = 7.8, ArH), 7.12 (d, 1H, J = 8.4, ArH), 7.49 (t, 1H, J = 6.9, ArH), 7.74 (d, 1H, J = 7.8, ArH), 9.97 (bs, 1H, OH); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 62.46 (C-6), 68.02 (C-4), 69.86 (C-2), 73.65 (C-3), 76.69 (C-5), 83.04 (C-1), 109.18, 117.36, 121.01, 126.94, 133.84, 157.86, 160.23 (Ar), 165.57 (C−S); HRMS spectrum (ESI), m/z: Calculated, 356.0678. C14H16N2O7S [M+H]+. Found, 357.0762.
2-(3-nitrophenyl)-5-(β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (c3)
Yield: 39%; mp 122-124 °C; [α]D20= -2° (c = 1.0, CH2Cl2). 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 3.84-4.01 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.17-4.25 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.24-4.33 (m, 1H, H-5), 4.36-4.85 (m, 4H, OH), 5.16-5.68 (m, 3H, H-2, -3, -4), 6.07 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.3, H-1), 7.78 (t, J = 7.8, 1H, ArH), 8.27-8.46 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.81 (d, J = 8.4, 1H, ArH); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 62.20 (C-6), 67.74 (C-4), 69.79 (C-2), 73.67 (C-3), 74.35 (C-5), 83.44 (C-1), 121.89, 123.90, 126.86, 127.43, 131.82, 132.28, 149.63 (Ar), 165.22 (C-S); HRMS spectrum (ESI), m/z: Calculated, 385.0580. C14H15N3O8S [M+H]+. Found, 386.0665.
2-(2-furyl)-5-(β-D-1-thio-glucopyranose)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (c4)
Yield: 52%; mp 111-113 °C; [α]D20= -4° (c = 1.0, CH2Cl2). 1H NMR spectrum, (300 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm, (J, Hz): ): 3.82-4.08 (m, 1H, H-6a), 4.17-4.23 (m, 1H, H-6b), 4.24-4.39 (m, 1H, H-5), 4.35-4.89 (m, 4H, OH), 5.27 (t, 1H, J1,2=J2,3 = 9.3, H-2), 5.45 (t, 1H, J2,3=J3,4 = 9.3, H-4), 5.69 (t, 1H, J2,3=J3,4 = 9.3, H-3), 6.31 (d, 1H, J1,2 = 9.3, H-1), 6.66 (bs, 1H, Furyl), 7.17 (bs, 1H, Furyl), 7.58 (bs, 1H, Furyl); 13C NMR spectrum, (75 MHz, CDCl3), δ, ppm: 60.94 (C-6), 66.98 (C-4), 69.87 (C-2), 73.54 (C-3), 74.85 (C-5), 83.63 (C-1), 112.30, 117.20, 137.83, 146.88, 152.52 (Ar), 162.07 (C-S); HRMS spectrum (ESI), m/z: Calculated, 330.0522. C12H14N2O7S [M+H]+. Found, 331.0609.
Bacterial Strain
The antibacterial activity of compounds was assayed with our previous published
method (30). The antibacterial activity of the compounds was tested against Gram-negative strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055.

Resultsand Discussion

Thioglycosilation was performed according our previous published method (29). 1-bromide sugar and 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione nuclei a1-4 were synthesized to the literature procedures (29,31). Deprotection of acetylated nucleosides was performed to the literature procedure (32). The synthesis of the final nucleosides is depicted in Figure 1.
The structure of thioglycosides was confirmed by appropriate spectroscopic methods such as1HNMR,13C NMR, and high resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS). The anomeric protons of nucleosides c1–4 were assigned to the doublet at 5.57–6.31 ppm with J1,2=9.3–9.6 Hz, confirming theβ-configuration.
In our recent published research (29), there was not any significant change in the antibacterial effect of the acetylated final thioglycosides in comparison with the parent heterocyclic nuclei. Therefore, in the present work, the deacetylated nucleosides c1-4 have been compared to the parent heterocyclic nuclei a1-4 against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
The in vitro antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds in DMSO against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus is shown in Tables 1. Diameter of inhibition zone for ampicillin as reference drug is 18 mm for 10 µg/µL concentration of drug in the same test conditions.
As shown in the Table 1. these compounds showed higher antibacterial effects in comparison with Ampicillin (18 mm) which is normally used for treating such infections.
In general, compounds from c set (nucleosides) showed more antimicrobial activity than the other set. Thioglycoside derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones (c set) were more active against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 23055 than “parent” 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones (a set), confirming the relation between glyco-conjugation and increasing of antiproliferative activity of antibiotic agents. The best results in the tables belonged to c4that showing high activity against A. calcoaceticus (31 mm).
Going over the structure of these synthetic compounds confirmed that the existence of 2-furyl instead of m-PhNO2 group as Ar increased their antibacterial activity against A. calcoaceticus. The existence of m-PhNO2 group as Ar in structures of a set and their corresponding sugar derivatives decreased the antibacterial activity of them in comparison with the rest of synthetic compounds.

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