Introduction
The genus Stachys belongs to the plant family of Lamiaceae. The most species of this genus has been previously analyzed in numerous studies concerning their chemical composition, pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses. This family is well represented in the flora of Iran, at least with 200-300 species in the world (1) and 34 species in Iran (2). Phytochemical investigation of some Stachys species has demonstrated phenolic acids, tannins (3, 4), flavonoids (5) and phenyl ethanoid glycosides (6, 7). There are some reports about pharmacological activities of this genus including anticancer (8, 9), antibacterial (10- 13), antioxidant effects (14- 16), anti-inflammatory (17-22), anti-nephritic (23) and anti-anxiety (24). Some Stachys species are used in folk medicine for healing wounds, disinfectant, treating abdominal pains, asthma, rheumatic and inflammatory disorders, anti-spasmodic and anti-fever (20, 25). Essential oils of Stachys cretica ssp. lesbiaca Rech. fil. and S. cretica ssp. trapezuntica Rech. fil. inhibit the growth of HL-60 and Ishikawa human tumor cell lines; the main component in both of them was germacrene D (26). There was an investigation about the essential oil of S. turcomanica; the major constituents were identified as germacrene D (17.4 %), 7-epi-á-selinene (10.5 %), β-elemene (9.2 %) and β-pinene (8.6 %) (27). Major components of S. trinervis oil were identified as α-pinene (42.68 %), δ-2-carene (31.90 %), 1,8-cineole (7.03 %), limonene (4.39 %) and (Z)-β-ocimene (4.21 %). S. subaphylla oil major constituents were δ-2-carene (23.93 %), α-pinene (19.29 %), sabinene (19.11 %), δ-3-carene (9.22 %) and (Z)-β- ocimene (5.90 %) (28). Thirty three constituents from essential oil of S. laxa have been identified and the major constituents were germacrene D (40.1%), β-caryophylene (16.7%), β-phellandrene (5.5%), caryophyllene oxide (4.6%), linalool (3.2%) and α-cadinol (2.6%) (29). The cytotoxicity of some Stachys species against A431, HeLa and MCF-7 were examined. S. recta and S. palustris stem extract inhibit the growth of HeLa cells. An S. rectum was significantly active toward the breast MCF7 cell line (30). More than half of drugs in cancer therapy were obtained from natural products or related to them (31). Hence in this study, cytotoxic activity of S. laxa Boiss. and Buhse., S. turcomanica Trautv, S. subaphylla Rech. F., S. trinervis Aitch. and Hemsl. have been investigated toward four cell lines by MTT assay.
Experimental
Plant material
The aerial parts of S. laxa Boiss. and Buhse., from Siah-bishe in Mazandaran province, S. trinervis Aitch. and Hemsl from Karaj in Alborz province, and S. subaphylla Rech. F. and S. turcomanica Trautv. from Golestan province were collected in May 2008. The plants have been identified and deposited at the Herbarium of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Extraction
Freshly collected aerial parts of four species of Stachys were cleaned and shade dried. These parts were coarse powdered in a hand mill and stored at room temperature. Two hundred grams of powdered plants were extracted through perculation method with 80% aq. MeOH three times at room temperature. The extract was evaporated using rotary evaporator and consequently partitioned between CHCl3, EtOAc and MeOH. Each fraction evaporated with rotary evaporator and has been stored at refrigerator for the investigation of cytotoxic activity.
Table 1Cytotoxic activity of total extract and fractions of four species of Stachys
| Sample | Cell Linesa (MTT assay) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HT-29 | Caco-2 | T47D | NIH/ 3T3 | |
| Stachys laxa | ||||
| Total extract | 421.97 ± 8.71 | > 1000 | 239.78 ± 16.92 | 508.77 ± 45.56 |
| Methanol fr. | 265.83 ± 46.52 | > 1000 | 254.1 ± 7.45 | 405.7 ± 74.18 |
| Ethyl acetate fr. | 134.004 ± 1.764 | 116.53 ± 18.23 | 18.079 ± 2.248 | 31.452 ± 1.554 |
| Chloroform fr. | 27.007 ± 2.096 | 101.65 ± 12.4 | 21.106 ± 2.491 | 41.294 ± 8.391 |
| Stachys subaphylla | ||||
| Total extract | > 1000 | > 1000 | 60.15 ± 3.72 | 771.26 ± 164.67 |
| Methanol fr. | > 1000 | > 1000 | 771.26 ± 197.38 | > 1000 |
| Ethyl acetate fr. | - | 116.52 ± 2.78 | 51.05 ± 8.89 | - |
| Chloroform fr. | 234.86 ± 11.28 | 183.85 ± 8.87 | 43.411 ± 9.99 | 74.27 ± 2.34 |
| Stachys trinervis | ||||
| Total extract | > 1000 | > 1000 | 358.1 ± 14.14 | > 1000 |
| Methanol fr. | > 1000 | > 1000 | 630.96 ± 29.99 | 649.23 ± 17.91 |
| Ethyl acetate fr. | 241.66 ± 14.71 | 338.22 ± 1.02 | 128.35 ± 6.65 | 110.05 ± 5.56 |
| Chloroform fr. | > 1000 | > 1000 | 383 ± 4.01 | 674.84 ± 67.37 |
| Stachys turcomanica | ||||
| Total extract | 219.58 ± 14.21 | > 1000 | 103.67 ± 12.43 | 308.7 ± 1.34 |
| Methanol fr. | 693.57 ± 56.91 | > 1000 | 708.60 ± 25.8 | 802.58 ± 26.84 |
| Ethyl acetate fr. | 66.10 ± 5.43 | 87.08 ± 8.9 | 30.14 ± 1.78 | 50.45 ± 3.45 |
| Chloroform fr. | 66.84 ± 7.92 | 187.89 ± 11.72 | 51.38 ± 9.49 | 58.22 ± 4.06 |
| Methotrexate | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.24 ± 0.013 |
Cytotoxicity assay
The colon carcinoma (HT-29), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and ductal carcinoma (T47D) cell lines were mentioned as exponentially growing cultures in RPMI 1640 cell culture medium (PAA, Germany), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS: Gibco, USA), for HT-29 cells and 15% FBS for Caco-2 and T47D cells. The Swiss mouse embryo fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cell line was kept in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; PAA, Germany) supplemented with 10% FBS. 100 IU/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Roche, Germany) were added to the media. All the cell lines were cultured at 37°C in air /carbon dioxide (95:5) atmosphere.
Cytotoxic activity was measured using modified MTT assay (31). 1×104 cells/well were plated in 96-well plates (Nunc, Denmark) and incubated for 24 h before the addition of drugs. After 96 h of incubation in Caco2 cells and 48 h of incubation in HT-29, NIH/3T3 and T47D cells, 20 µL of MTT (Merck, Germany) reagent (5 mg/mL) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was added to each well. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The medium was discharged and the formazan blue, which had been formed in the cells, were dissolved with 100 µL dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). After the incubation at 37°C for 10 min, absorbance at 570 nm at the dissolved solutions was detected using a micro plate reader (Anthos, Austria). The cell viability in MTT assay was calculated as the percentage of control value. Methotrexate was used as the positive control. Cytotoxicity was expressed as the concentration of extract inhibiting cell growth with 50% (IC50 ± SD). All tests and analysis were run in triplicate.
Statistical analysis
IC50 (the median growth inhibitory concentration) values were calculated from the IC50 of dose-response curve in the sigma plot 11 software. Data representative of three independent experiments with similar results were presented as mean ± SD.
Results
The effects of these plant extracts on the proliferative response of the HT-29, Caco-2 and T47D cell lines have been analyzed by treating the cells with different concentrations of the extracts and significant decrease in cell lines proliferation were observed. IC50 ± SD are reported in Table 1. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of S. laxa Boiss. showed high cytotoxicity on T47D, HT-29 (IC50 < 50 µg/mL). The cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate fraction of S. turcomanica Trautv. and chloroform fraction of S. subaphylla were better than the other fractions on T47D cell line (IC50 < 50 µg/mL). Total extract and fractions of S. trinervis did not affect the cell lines.
Discussion
Among all the samples, nonpolar (chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions) fractions of S. laxa exhibited greatest cytotoxicities on T47D and HT-29 cell lines compared with polar fraction and total extract. According to the data, the cytotoxic activity of chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions on HT-29 and T47D cell lines were much stronger than that of Caco-2. It indicated that chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of S. laxa had potential cytotoxic selectivity on T47D cell line. There was a report about the antioxidation and total phenol content of some Stachys spp. The research implied that total phenol content and FRAP value of methanolic extract are in this order: S. laxa > S. turcomanica > S. subaphylla > S. trinervis (33). Except S. subaphylla total extract against T47D cell line, the other methanolic extracts have indicated the same order of cytotoxic activity on T47D and HT-29. Higher cytotoxic activity of nonpolar fraction of S. laxa and S.turcomanica may be due to the high content of germacrene D in their essential oil, same as the Stachys cretica ssp. (34, 35), but main components of S. subaphylla and S. trinervis essential oils were identified as monoterpene hydrocarbons. In comparison with another fraction, methanolic and total fractions of all samples demonstrated slightly cytotoxic effect on cell line tested. The real IC50 values of fractions of four species Stachys may be considerably lower than the positive control (Methotrexate) since its pharmacological active compounds are not pure and further researches are needed for defining potential component as cytotoxic natural medicines.
