1. Background
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a worldwide health problem and is the etiological agent for aggressive T-cell malignancy, known as Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL) as well as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) (1). It has been estimated that 5 to 10 million people are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide (2). Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection has been recognized throughout the world, yet is found predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa, south-west Japan, Caribbean basin, parts of South America, the Melanesian Islands, and the Middle East (3). From an epidemiological standpoint, there are 3 major routes for HTLV-1 transmission: mother-to-child transmission through breast feeding, sexual transmission, and parenteral transmission through transfusion of contaminated blood (4). Blood transfusion, although amenable to prevention efforts, continue to be an efficient transmitter of HTLV-1 infection. Transmission rate of HTLV-1 followed by transfusion of contaminated cellular blood components is estimated to be between 27% and 63% (5).
In the Middle East region, Northeast of Iran (Razavi Khorasan province) is known to be endemic for HTLV-1. Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 infection among blood donors in Mashhad, the capital of Razavi Khorasan province and the main pilgrimage city for Shiites, was estimated as approximately 2% (6). Screening of blood donors for HTLV-1 antibodies is mandatory in 7 provinces of Iran, including Northern Khorasan, southern Khorasan, Ardabil, Alborz, Gilan, Western Azerbaijan, and Razavi Khorasan, and is not obligatory in other provinces of Iran (7). Although, HTLV-1 seroprevalence in blood donors has a much lower rate in other parts of Iran, based on a recently published systematic review there is no information about HTLV-1 prevalence among blood donors from Mazandaran province, which is one of the most densely populated provinces in Northern Iran and is thought to have a great number of pilgrims to Mashhad every year (8).
2. Objectives
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among blood donors in Babol county, the most populated county of the Mazandaran province, and to evaluate seropositive samples with real time PCR confirmatory assay to rule out potential false-positive results.
3. Methods
3.1. Ethics statement
This study was approved by the ethical committee of Babol University of Medical Sciences, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (University Ethics Committee code: MUBABOL.REC.1395.6).
3.2. Study Population
The present cross-sectional study was conducted on blood volunteers, who had been referred to blood transfusion centers of Babol county, between December 2015 and February 2016. This county is located in the province of Mazandaran, the northern province of Iran and subdivided to seven districts. According to a Census in 2012, Babol county has registered a population of 495 472 inhabitants and the rural population constitutes 48% of the total inhabitants. All individuals fulfilling the following criteria were included in the current study: 1) age of 18 to 65 years, 2) lack of risky behavior for blood born viral infections, including unsafe sexual practices and use of illegal drugs injection. The criteria for exclusion of donors were 1) age of < 18 years or > 65 years 2) history of unsafe sexual practices and use of illegal drug injection. A total of 503 blood samples were collected from blood donors during the aforementioned period. Donor demographic characteristics including age, gender, urban/rural residence status, marital status, level of educational attainment, and district of residence were recorded at the time of donation.
3.3. Sample Collection and Processing
About 6-mL of peripheral blood was collected from each donor in sterile vacutainer tubes and then serum was separated by centrifugation and stored at -80°C until use. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the blood samples were isolated by a standard procedure using Ficoll (Lympholyte H, Cedarlane, Hornby, Canada) density gradient centrifugation (9), and the cells were counted and resuspended in 200 μL of RNALater solution (Behnogen, Tehran, Iran) at -20°C until use.
3.4. Serological Screening
Serum samples from each blood donor were screened for HTLV-1-specific antibodies using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method (Dia. Pro Diagnostic Bioprobes, Milan, Italy). This assay uses HTLV-1-specific antigen-coated microplates (gp46-I and p21-I) in solid phase and antibody sandwich technique. Assay interpretation was done using a conventional colorimetric readout. Samples with ELISA optical density to cut-off ratios below 0.9 were considered negative, between 0.9 and 1.1 indeterminate, and higher than 1.1 were considered positive.
3.5. DNA Isolation
Genomic DNA was extracted from MT-2 HTLV-1 infected cell line (as a positive control) and PBMC specimens using YTA Genomic DNA Extraction Mini Kit (Yekta Tajhiz Azma, Tehran, Iran), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality and quantity of purified DNA was determined using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, USA). To monitor the efficacy of DNA isolation, for each extraction, DNA integrity was evaluated using human RNase P gene (RPP30) amplification, based on a previously described procedure (10). Sterile microcentrifuge tubes containing only reaction mixtures were processed simultaneously with PBMC specimens as a DNA isolation negative control. The HTLV-1 infected human lymphoblastoid cell line MT-2 was obtained from the Pasteur institute (Iran).
3.6. Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Confirmatory Assay
Samples that were repeatedly reactive for HTLV-1 specific antibodies on serological screening were additionally confirmed by real time PCR of HTLV-1 proviral DNA in PBMCs. Real-time PCR was performed using an ABI 7300 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Branchburg, NJ, USA) and the following genomic regions were amplified by the primer sets and TaqMan probe, 115 bp of the most conserved region of tax gene of HTLV-1 and 65 bp of human RNase P gene (RPP30) for internal calibration (10, 11). All primers were synthesized by Metabion International AG (Martinsried, Germany). Each reaction consisted of 100 ng of extracted DNA, 12.5 μL YTA 2X Multiplex Real-Time PCR Smart mix (Yekta TajhizAzma, Iran), 0.3 µM of final concentration for each primer, and 0.2 µM of final concentration of each probe in a 25-µL total reaction volume. Real-time PCR was conducted in two steps with the following thermal setting: 95°C for 5 minutes (1 cycle), 95°C for 30 seconds, and 60°C for 45seconds (40 cycles). Each real-time PCR run included reaction mixtures without DNA template as a negative control and DNA extracted from MT-2 HTLV-1-infected human lymphoblastoid cell line as a positive control.
4. Results
A total of 503 blood donors that ranged in age from 19 to 61 years were included in the final sample population. Four hundred and eighty-three of them were males (96.0%) and 20 (4.0%) were females. The mean age of males was 40.8 ± 9.8 and for females this was 41.2 ± 11.4. Demographic characteristics of donors are shown in Table 1. All 503 serum samples were screened for anti-HTLV-1 antibodies. Among total samples tested by serological ELISA, 13 samples (2.6%) were repeatedly reactive (i.e. on at least 2 of 3 occasions). All repeatedly reactive samples were examined for the presence of the HTLV-1 proviral DNA in PBMCs by real time PCR confirmatory test, of which one sample was positive, resulting in HTLV-1 prevalence of 0.2%.
Table 1.Demographic Characteristics of Studied Blood Donors in Babol County
| Characteristics | Number | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 483 | 96.0 |
| Female | 20 | 4.0 |
| Age, y | ||
| 19 - 29 | 66 | 13.1 |
| 30 - 39 | 162 | 32.2 |
| 40 - 49 | 164 | 32.6 |
| ≥ 50 | 111 | 22.1 |
| Residence status | ||
| Urban | 346 | 68.8 |
| Rural | 157 | 31.2 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 47 | 9.3 |
| Married | 456 | 90.7 |
| Education level | ||
| Illiterate | 7 | 1.4 |
| Primary school | 208 | 41.4 |
| High school diploma | 155 | 30.8 |
| Academic education | 133 | 26.4 |
| Babol districts | ||
| Central | 352 | 70.0 |
| Amirkola | 29 | 5.8 |
| Lalehabad | 31 | 6.2 |
| Gatab | 47 | 9.3 |
| Babol Kenar | 12 | 2.4 |
| Western Bandpey | 12 | 2.4 |
| Eastern Bandpey | 20 | 4.0 |
The only HTLV-1 positive blood donor was a 34-year-old married male, who was born in the central district of Babol. Based on his past medical history, he was admitted to one of the Tehran hospitals in 2004 for pulmonary infection and received 2 units of whole blood. The aforementioned blood donor was notified and in accordance with the Iranian blood transfusion organization guidelines, he was permanently deferred from blood donation. In addition, the donor blood components were discarded, and he remains ineligible for future blood donation.
5. Discussion
In the current investigation, the authors report the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among blood donors in Babol County, the most populated county of the Mazandaran province. As far as the authors are concerned, the present study was the largest to date among blood donors in Mazandaran province, which utilized real time PCR confirmatory assay to rule out potential false-positive results for HTLV-1 infection. The results of this study showed that HTLV-1 prevalence among blood donors of Babol was 0.2%. This finding showed that the rate of HTLV-1 infection in blood donors of Babol is lower than infection rate in endemic areas, such as Mashhad, Neyshbour, Sabzevar, and other non-endemic provinces, such as West Azarbaijan and Charmahal-Bakhtiari (6, 12-15). However, the current results were almost similar to the HTLV-1 prevalence in blood donors of provinces, such as Alborz, Ilam, and Hormozgan (8). In Mazandarani blood donors, there is only one seroprevalence pilot study with limited sample size, which has reported 1.8% seroprevalence rate for HTLV-1 (16).
It is quite likely that results of the aforementioned pilot study in Mazandaran was prone to false-positive effects, due to a lack of confirmatory assay in sero-reactive subjects. In addition, in a recently published study on Mazandarani thalassemia patients, screening by ELISA showed 6.9% HTLV-1 seroprevalence rate, yet after PCR confirmatory assay, only 1.4% of patients were HTLV-1 true positive (17). Considering the false positive samples, all possible strategies to diminish false positive results should be implemented, including the use of real time PCR confirmatory tests. In the current investigation, all repeatedly sero-reactive samples were tested for the presence of HTLV-1 proviral DNA by TaqMan real time PCR technology. Molecular techniques such as TaqMan real time PCR technology with high level of specificity are one of the most reliable procedures for clinical confirmation of HTLV-1 infection (11).
5.1. Conclusion
In conclusion, the present investigation contributes to new epidemiologic data reporting low prevalence rate for HTLV-1 among blood donors in Babol county of the Mazandaran province. Despite the low prevalence rate, the practice of screening of donated bloods in the blood transfusion centers of Mazandaran province should be expected to decline the risk of virus transmission in this region.
