1. Background
In recent years, studies in stem cells have been developed with increased demand in treating diseases (1, 2). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has attracted the attention of researchers today. These cells have been found in many specialized tissues such as adipose tissue, bone marrow, dental pulp, liver, corneal, and other body parts (3-5). MSCs have significant potential in treating diseases and cell therapy (6). The importance of MSCs in cell therapy has led to the publication of valuable scientific research in this field (7). Adipose tissue is an autologous and easily accessible source of MSCs that could be obtained from patients with a minimally invasive procedure (8, 9). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are one the suitable source of MSCs which show high differentiation potential and could be harvested from adipose tissue easily (10).
Improvement of MSCs stemness can be considered as a promising topic in cell-based therapies. Kiratipaiboon et al. have found that ciprofloxacin treatment of human dermal papilla stem cells can improve the stemness of these cells (11). They have shown that colony formation and stemness properties of dermal papilla stem cells decrease gradually in a time-dependent fashion during the cell culture. Nonetheless, treatment of cells with nontoxic ciprofloxacin can maintain self-renewal, colonization, and stem cell markers. Ciprofloxacin acts through ATP dependent glycogen synthase tyrosine kinase, which causes an elevation of β-catenin (12). In addition, ciprofloxacin induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition which is associated with upregulation of ZEB1 and Snail transcription factors.
Stemness maintaining of MSCs without reducing their fundamental characteristics during the cell culture is one of the most important issues in stem cell research. It is also important to isolate and expand MSCs with minimal harm to the patients.
2. Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate self-renewal markers expression alterations in ADSCs following ciprofloxacin treatment.
3. Methods
3.1. Preparation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells
Stem cells derived adipose tissue were prepared from the Iranian Biological Resource Center Cells Bank and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Iranian Biological Resource Center Cells Bank (IR.acer.royan.rec.1395.128). All donors gave written informed consent. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs has been examined. Furthermore, the evaluation of specific surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells (CD45, CD29, CD90, CD34m, and CD105) was evaluated by flow cytometry (13) (Figure 1). Flow cytometry was performed by a BD FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). The Result has been analyzed analysis by FlowJo vX.0.6 (Tree Star, Inc.).
Figure 1.
A, flow cytometry characterization of ADSCs markers; B, differentiation potential of ADSCs into adipocyte; C, bone cells was confirmed by oil Red O and Alzazine Red staining receptively
3.2. MTT Assay
MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity level of ciprofloxacin (sigma) on human ADSCs (13). In this study, MTT was prepared as a 5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline and ciprofloxacin was used at 0.05 μg/mL to 12 μg/mL concentrations. At first, ADSCs were seeded at a density of 7000 cells per well to a 96-wells culture plate in a volume of 100 μM DMEM+ 10% FBS medium. Then cells were incubated for 18 h under conditions of 5% CO2, 100% humidity, and 37°C. Different concentrations of ciprofloxacin were added to the wells and the untreated cells were considered as negative control and 10% DMSO-treated cells were used as positive control. The incubation was performed for 24 hours again. After incubation, 10 μL of MTT solution was added to each well of, and cells were incubated for 3 hours. Then, cell culture media were completely replaced with 100 μL of DMSO solvent per well. Cells were incubated for 1 hour under dark conditions. Finally, the optical density of each well was measured using an automatic plate reader with a 560 nm test wavelength and a 660 nm reference wavelength.
3.3. Evaluation of Morphological Changes of the Cells
During the cell culture, cells morphological changes and quality indicators related to cell health and death were evaluated by invert microscope.
3.4. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Real-Time PCR Analyses
To investigate the effect of ciprofloxacin on the expression of Oct-4 and Nanog genes at the mRNA level, ADSCs were treated with a concentration of 10 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin, untreated ADSCs were considered as the control group.
After treatments, the cells were trypsinized and centrifuged. RNA extraction from the cell pellet was performed using RNeasy Plus Mini Kit according to the kit instructions.
Concentration and quality of extracted RNA were measured with a Nanodrop. Moreover, to investigate RNA integrity, extracted RNAs were loaded onto 2% agarose gel to view S18 and S28 ribosomal bands. After examining the quantity and quality of the extracted RNAs, cDNA synthesis was performed using the PrimeScriptTM RT reagent kit in accordance with the kit’s instructions. To evaluate the quantitative expression of Oct-4 and Nanog genes, real-time PCR was performed using the RealQ PCR Master (SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Tli RNaseH Plus) on an Applied Biosystems StepOneTM real-time analyzer (10). GAPDH gene used as the reference gene. ΔΔCt method was used for analysis. The characteristics of primers used in this study are listed in Table 1.
Table 1.Primers Used in This Research
| Genes | Primer | Sequence (5’ → 3’) | Product Size |
|---|---|---|---|
| GAPDH | Forward | CATGAGAAGTATGACAACAGCCT | 113 bp |
| Reverse | AGTCCTTCCACGATACCAAAGT | ||
| Nanog | Forward | AGCTACAAACAGGTGAAGAC | 145 bp |
| Reverse | GGTGGTAGGAAGAGTAAAGG | ||
| Oct4 | Forward | GGAAGGTATTCAGCCAAACGAC | 206 bp |
| Reverse | GTTGCCTCTCACTCGGTTCT |
3.5. Statistical Analysis
The data for each test were presented as mean ± SD. Statistical calculations were performed to determine the significant difference between the groups by Graph Pad Prism V. 6 software using one way ANOVA. Results were considered significant if P < 0.05.
4. Results
4.1. Cells Growth and Morphological Examination
ADSCs were characterized by flow cytometry (Figure 1) and observed under an inverted microscope every day (Figure 2). These cells show fibroblast-like morphology and were adherent to the surface with a high growth rate. Cell culture medium was replaced every three days, and cells have been passaged when the cells reached 80% confluence. During the culturing period, the cells were optimal and free from contaminations.
Figure 2.
Inverted microscopic images of ADSCs with a magnification of X 100 (A) and X 200 (B)
4.2. Determination of Non-Toxic Concentration of Ciprofloxacin with MTT Assay
The results of the treatment of ADSCs with different concentrations of ciprofloxacin have demonstrated a toxic effect on these cells at concentrations of 1.5 to 12 mg/mL which lead to cell death. However, ciprofloxacin did not have effect at concentrations of 0.5 to 150 μg/mL (Figures 3 and 4). According to MTT result and previous research on dental pulp stem cells, as well as the morphological examination of cells in non-toxic concentrations, the final concentration of 10 μg/mL was selected for treatment of cells with ciprofloxacin.
Figure 3.
Cell viability (%) of MTT assay results for different concentration of ciprofloxacin. Results show that ciprofloxacin has no cytotoxic effect on human ADSCs at concentrations of 0.5 to 150 μg/mL. Statistical differences were evaluated by one-way ANOVA, using Graph Pad Prism V. 6 software. P value is reported as * P = 0.0217, ** P = 0.0002 and **** P < 0.0001.
Figure 4.
Treatment of ADSCs with different concentrations of ciprofloxacin: 12 mg/mL (A), 6 mg/mL (B), 3 mg/mL (C), 1.5 mg/Ml ( D), 700 μg/mL (E), 300 μg/mL (F), 150 μg/mL (G), 75 μg/mL (H), and 10 μg/mL (I).
4.3. Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Analysis of Oct-4 and Nanog Expression
After RNA quantitation and qualification (Figure 5) and cDNA synthesis, changes in Oct-4 and Nanog expression was evaluated in ADSCs treated with ciprofloxacin 10 μg/mL after two weeks compared to the control group. (Figure 6) Oct-4 and Nanog gene expression were normalized to GAPDG as reference gene.
Figure 5.
Agarose gel electrophoresis of 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA
Figure 6.
The effect of ciprofloxacin 10 μg/mL on Oct-4 and Nanog mRNA levels in treated ADSCs after 2 weeks compared to the control group. The results indicated significantly higher Oct-4 and NANOG levels in ciprofloxacin-treated cells compared to untreated cells (control) (** P = 0.004 and **** P < 0.0001).
The results showed that Oct-4 and Nanog expression were increased 43% and 24% respectively in ciprofloxacin-treated ADSCs compared to the control group. This suggests the positive effect of ciprofloxacin on the growth of ADSCs.
5. Discussion
Nowadays, the study of stem cells derived from different tissues is one of the interesting topics in cell therapy and medical research. This has made the researchers to improve isolation, culture, characterization and differentiation of stem cells to regenerate damaged tissues. Although bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have been frequently used in stem cell research but adipose tissue is an easy-to-use and less invasive source of MSCs which can be harvested by surgical procedures such as liposuction. It has been shown the amount of stem cells derived from adipose tissue is more than that of bone marrow in the same volume (14-16). Therefore, ADSCs may have more advantages than BM-MSCs.
It has been demonstrated MSCs lose their stemness properties during colonization in vitro such as the ability to form colonies, differentiation capacity, and proliferation (17). Therefore, maintenance of stem cell properties for the propagation of these cells is essential in vitro. Stemness properties are maintained by various factors such as growth factors, cell-cell interactions, and extracellular matrix interactions (18, 19). In this study, we have shown ciprofloxacin could improve the stemness properties of ADSCs.
Ciprofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolones antibiotics which inhibit bacterial DNA replication and repair by controlling DNA gyrase enzymes (20). Ciprofloxacin is used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria including Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Nyseries and Pseudomonas. On the other hand, this drug has moderate effects on gram-positive bacteria including Streptococcus pneumonia and Streptococcus faecalis. The ciprofloxacin is mainly indicated in the treatment of respiratory infections (other than Streptococcus pneumonia infection), urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, including typhoid fever, bursitis, and septicemia, which are susceptible to microorganisms (21, 22). Furthermore, Ciprofloxacin is used as a prophylactic antibiotic to prevent bacterial infections in patients undergoing stem cell transplantation. In addition, this antibiotic is widely used in cell culture in vitro to prevent bacterial contamination including mycoplasma (23).
Kiratipaiboon and colleagues reported that the use of ciprofloxacin improved the stemness of human dermal papilla stem cell through Akt activation and ATP-dependent tyrosine kinase/glycogen synthase kinase3β dependent mechanism (11). They showed that colony formation and stemness of dermal papilla cells decrease gradually in a time-dependent manner during the cell culture process. Nonetheless, treatment of cells with nontoxic ciprofloxacin can maintain the morphology, colonization, and stem cell markers. Ciprofloxacin exerts its effect through Akt/GSK3β-dependent β-catenin pathway. Ciprofloxacin inhibits glycogen synthase kinase3β (GSK3β) function through Akt activation which leads to inhibition of β-catenin proteasomal degradation (11, 24). Self-renewal capacity of stem cell is increased through upregulation of, Oct-4 and Nanog (25). Akt activation leads to Oct4 phosphorylation which is associated with self-renewal of stem cells (26, 27). Moreover, β-catenin upregulation triggers Nanog expression through Oct-4 which boosts MSC self-renewal (28). Increased β-catenin activation could induce expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors such as ZEB1 and Snail (29). The major limitations of this study were that we did not investigate the exact molecular signaling pathway underlying ciprofloxacin effect on ADSCs; however, the result of this research has shown ciprofloxacin could increase Oct-4 and Nanog as important self-renewal transcription factors.
5.1. Conclusions
Adipose tissue is an easily accessible, low-risk, and abundant source of MSCs. Maintaining the stemness properties of these cells in vitro is one of the most important and critical concerns in stem cell culture. The present study revealed that the use of ciprofloxacin during the culture period with a concentration of 10 μg/mL can create suitable conditions for the culture and maintain the stemness properties of these cells through overexpression of the Oct-4 and Nanog genes.
