1. Background
Brittle stars are the large clade in Ophiuroidea with body outline (radial symmetry) related to starfish that possess 5 flexible arms for locomotion along with central disk containing viscera [1]. Most valuable properties of Ophiuroidea is ability of prominently repair lost arm segments [2]. Bioluminescence is other characteristic which brittle star apply to escape from predators with rare benefit for human health and moderately popular in fish keeping [3]. Ophiocoma erinaceus (O. eraniceus) is one Persian Gulf brittle star that commonly inhabit in the rocky coast of Qeshm island [4]. Now, there are a few evidences on the basis of presence biological compounds such as terpenes, sterols, phenyl propanoids with anti-cancer and anti-bacterial effect in brittle star but their importance have not been reported in human health to date. Therefore screening plans to explore brittle star metabolites are inevitable. The diversity of metabolites in natural ecosystem increase pharmacological potential hence the performance of pharmacological assays related to brittle star relieve to identify their influences on correlated disease [5]. The human body expose with free radical by products that if not eradicate result to harmful oxidative stress effects and health complications. Constant oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species is associated with disorder development and many other health issues such as inflammatory disease [6]. Free radicals include superoxide, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide eliminate via antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase and natural antioxidants such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids that commonly exist in fruit and vegetables and herbs [7]. A number of assays have been proposed for assessment antioxidant potential of natural compounds to exclude oxidative stress deleterious effects so; extensive researches have been conducted to overwhelm oxidative stress. DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) is relatively stable free radical with deep purple color that is reduced in the presence of potent antioxidant. Similarity, ABTS (azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay is a decolorization technique along with generation of ABTS blue/green color via the reaction with potassium persulfate [8]. There is an increasing demand for detecting natural antioxidants that reduces collateral effects and provides health benefits. Numerous studies paid attention to the pharmacological and biological properties of terrestrial natural products [9]. Despite the existence of various plant antioxidants, marine echinoderms antioxidants have been reported scarcely suggesting requirement for development of novel natural antioxidant [10]. The literature research indicated no investigation about anti-oxidant potential of O. erinaceus crude extract as one of most species of brittle stars in Persian Gulf.
2. Objectives
Therefore, our study conducted to detect phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of O. erinaceus crude extract.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
DPPH, Quercetin and ABTS purchased from Sigma, USA. Gallic acid, Folin Ciocalteu reagent and methanol purchased from Merck, Germany. The RNA isolation kit purchased from Roshe, Germany. The C-DNA synthesis kit and RT-PCR kit purchased from Pars Tous, Iran. Specimens of the brittle star (O. erinaceus) collected from the rocky intertidal flats of the Persian Gulf waters.
3.2. Brittle Star Methanolic Extraction
In this experimental study, morphometric estimation of O. erinaceus performed at research center applied biology of Mashhad Islamic Azad university. Then, specimens of brittle stars washed and stored at -80°C. For preparing extract, brittle star samples (about 20 g) dried, minced and mixed with 200 mL methanol. Then, the extract constantly stirred (72 hours) at room temperature, filtered through an 11 µm Whatman filter and concentrated under vacuum evaporator and stored in -20°C.
Measurement of total phenolic content: In this experimental study, the total phenolic content of the O. erinaceus extracts was calculated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. To perform this experiment, 100 μL of methanolic brittle star extract or gallic acid as standard added to 250 μL of Folin Ciocalteu reagent and 1.25 mL of 20% sodium carbonate. To accomplish this reaction, mixtures kept in dark for 40 minutes. Finally, the absorbance was measured at 725 nm.
3.3. Measurement of Total Flavonoids Content
Total flavonoid content of O. erinaceus was measured on the basis of flavonoid-aluminium complex formation using quercetin as a standard. The extract or quercetin (1 mL) was added to 1 mL methanolic solution of AlCl3 2%. After further 5 minutes incubation, the absorbance of reaction mixture was measured at 430 nm.
3.4. Measurement of Total Saponin
To determine the presence of saponin in the brittle star extract froth test was performed. 1 mL of brittle star extract mixed with 20 mL distilled water in test tube and shacked vigorously. Foam layer formation was considered indicator of saponin existence.
3.5. In Vitro Antioxidant Assays
3.5.1. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity
The antioxidant activity of brittle star extract was evaluated by scavenging of free-radical DPPH as compared with butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) as a standard compound. Briefly, the different concentrations of brittle star extract (100 - 2000 μg/mL) were prepared in methanol and 0.2 mL mixed with 0.2 mL of 1 mM DPPH solution in methanol. Then, absorbance was measured at 517 nm after 30 minutes incubation in dark with a micro plate reader and the bleaching activity was calculated using the following formula:
Equation 1.
3.5.2. ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Activity
ABTS was dissolved by reacting 7 mM ABTS stock solution in water with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate and was stored at room temperature for 12 - 16 hours before utilization. The ABTS+ solution diluted with PBS to reach 0.80 ± 0.03 absorbance at 734 nm. The reaction mixture [(1 mL of standard (ascorbic acid) or different concentrations of brittle star extract was mixed to 1 mL of the ABTS stock solution)] and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. Finally, the absorbance was measured at 734 nm and the radical scavenging activity of ABTS+ by samples was calculated as:
Equation 2.
3.6. Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Capacity
3.6.1. Cell Culture
A2780cp cell line were grown in RPMI1640 cell culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, USA) and 1% antibiotic at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator. Treatment was performed in the logarithmic phase of cell growth in 80% density.
3.6.2. Total RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction of TGF-β
The changes in the expression of TGF-β mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR. Total cellular RNAs of A2780cp treated cells and untreated cells were isolated by the high pure RNA Isolation kit (Roche, Germany). Two µg RNA isolated was reverse transcribed to cDNA using easy cDNA synthesize (ParsTous, Iran) kit according to manufactures protocol. Briefly, cDNA synthesize was performed in the presence of random hexamer or oligo dT, then incubated at 65°C for 5 minutes and followed by addition RT premix, incubation 25°C for 10 minutes, 50°C for 60 minutes and 70°C for 10 minutes and amplified according to manufacture protocol. Briefly, the produced cDNA (2 µL) was added to 10x buffer, 25 mM MgCl2, dNTP, Taq DNA polymerase, and the appropriate forward and reverse primers. Ultimately, RT-PCR was performed 1 cycle at 95°C/4 minute, 35 cycles as 94°C/30 seconds for denaturation, 57°C 30 seconds for annealing, 72°C/30 seconds for extension and 1 cycles 5 minutes at 72°C. The primers used were as follows: B2M Forward 5' TGGTGCTTGGCTCACTGACC 3', Reverse 5' TATGTTCGGCTTCCCATTCT 3' was used as housekeeping gene. Forward primer and reverse primer TGF-β was designed as 5' GGGACTATCCACCTGCAAGA 3' and 5' CCTCCTTGGCGTAGTAGTCG 3', respectively.
3.6.3. Following Amplification
The PCR products were visualized by electrophoresis in a 2% agarose gel and visualized by green viewer staining.
3.7. Statistical Analysis
Our data are expressed as means ± SD. Analysis of variance and significant differences were obtained by the SPSS-16 software, one-way ANOVA analysis. Values of P < 0.05 proposed significant.
4. Results
4.1. Phytochemical Component Evaluation
The foam test qualitatively demonstrated the presence of saponin in brittle star methanolic extract. The total phenolics and flavonoids compounds in brittle star extract were determined 4.51 ± 0.025 and 1.26 ± 0.03, respectively. Therefore, methanolic extract of brittle star possess total phenolic and flavonoids compounds that may correlated with antioxidant activity of brittle star extract.
4.2. Radical Scavenging Activity of DPPH
The comparison of DPPH scavenging effect of BHA with brittle star methanolic extract revealed brittle star extract exhibited dose dependent antioxidant activity against DPPH radical. BHA as standard displayed highly DPPH decolorization at all concentration tested. Figure 1 depicted the antioxidant efficacy of methanolic brittle star extract against DPPH free radical.
4.3. ABTS Radical Scavenging Effect
The ABTS free radical scavenging assay of brittle star extract exhibited methanolic brittle star extract possess antiradical activity dose dependently with IC50 value of as compared with Torolox as standard indicating the moderate potential of brittle star organic extract in decolorization of ABTS.
4.4. Evaluation of TGF-β mRNA Expression
In the previous work on anti-proliferative effect of brittle star methanolic extract against HeLa cervical cancer cells IC50 value = 50 µg/mL determined. Analysis of the expression of TGF-β by RT-PCR revealed a significant down regulation in the expression of TGF-β in HeLa cells treated with brittle star extract at 50, 100 µg/mL as compared with untreated cells demonstrating anti-inflammatory effect of brittle star extract in vitro.
Figure 1.
Each value is expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Figure 2.
Each value is expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Figure 3.
A2780co ovarian cancer cells were treated with brittle star extract and the mRNA expressions of TGF-β and b2m were evaluated by RT-PCR analysis that revealed anti-inflammatory effect of brittle star extract
5. Discussion
Our findings exhibited that methanol extract of brittle star possess valuable phytochemicals with considerable capacity to suppress free radical generation and scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS which via down regulation of TGF-β induce anti-inflammatory effect. The chemical compounds in natural resources can be considered bioactive metabolites possessing human health properties with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory biological effects [11]. Oxidative damage is proposed a complicated condition in the consequence of excessive generation of ROS that play essential role in the variety of degenerative disease such as diabetes, inflammatory disease and cancer, therefore, antioxidant regimen protects human body against oxidative stress injuries [12]. Natural substances such as vitamin C and vitamin E and phytochemicals provide powerful antioxidant activity, however, there is a growing interest for discovering novel natural antioxidants replacing to synthetic antioxidants with harmful side effects [13]. In this study, two assays have been carried out to determine the antioxidant potency of brittle star methanolic extract including DPPH and ABTS assay. The presence of phenolic, flavonoid and saponin compounds can be considered as one of antioxidant ingredients of brittle star organic extract that is in agreement with other investigations based on antioxidant activity of these ingredients in whole extracts. Adesanwo et al. investigated about the phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of roots of Tetracera potatoria. Their findings showed methanolic extract of Tetracera potatoria revealed more antioxidant activity in comparison with isolated compounds indicating synergism interactions of constituents in crude extract [14]. The research conducted by Padmanabhan et al. revealed the combination of alcoholic extract of leaves of Aloe vera, Bacopa monniera, Moringa oleifera and rhizome of Zingiber officinale showed better antioxidant activity against DPPH radical [15].
About antioxidant potential of marine organisms as immense resources of bioactive substances, Marxen et al. were assessed antiradical capacity of methanolic microalgae extracts and reported Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphyridium purpureum indicated DPPH scavenging activity [16]. Balboa et al. were evaluated antioxidant capability of brown algae crude extract and concluded that brown alga composed of highly bioactive metabolites such as polysaccharide, phenol, phlorotanin, protein, peptide, lipids and steroids that cannot be found in terrestrial organisms which confered more antioxidant ability compared with red and green algae [17]. There are a few reports related to antioxidant potential of marine echinoderm. In this respect, Althunibat et al. studied cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of three species of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra, Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus chloronotus and demonstrated highest phenolic compound in water extract of H. leucospilota and lowest in organic extract of H. scabra. Aqueous extract of three species showed antioxidant activity and all organic extract elucidated anti-proliferative effects against A549 and C33A cancer cells in vitro [10].
Althunibat et al. were evaluated cytotoxic and antioxidant effect of two sea cucumber aqueous and organic extract from Holothuria edulis Lesson (Holothuriidae) and Stichopus horrens Selenka (Stichopodidae). Their results revealed that both extracts exhibited DPPH radical decolorization effect but the organic extract of Stichopus horrens indicated highest growth inhibitory effect which proposed them as promising natural antioxidants in biomedicine researches [18]. The previous researches documented the anti-cancer activity of natural products can be related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Gautam et al. reported n-hexane and ethyl acetate extract of Dysophylla stellata can be consider valuable modality in inflammatory experiments because of suppression edema in mice resulted to down regulation of COX-1, COX-2 while only ethyl acetate extract indicated in vitro antioxidant properties [19].
Joseph et al. carried out antioxidative and anti-inflammatory assay on Ganoderma lucidum chloroform extract and indicated radical scavenging effects significantly and anti-inflammatory in vivo compared with diclofenac that establish positive relationship between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity [20]. However, anti-inflammatory response possess tremendous application in cancer prevention and treatment. Relationship of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of natural extracts were documented recently [21]. Suresh et al. evaluated anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of Cuscuta reflexa in vitro and suggested this extract suppressed COX-2 and TGF-β and had valuable anti-inflammatory activity that can be use in cancer therapy [22]. Tsai et al. offered wild Glossogyne tenuifolia extract indicated antioxidant, cytotoxic and inflammation modulatory effects of natural extracts that provided high bioactivity in biomedicine [23]. In this study, anti-inflammatory potential of brittle star methanolic extract were evaluated in vitro and indicated brittle star methanolic extract revealed dose dependent anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, these reports accommodated with our findings indicating direct relation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of natural extracts. In this study we demonstrated that the chief constituents of brittle star methanolic extract are phenolic, flavonoids and saponin compounds that might be responsible for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro which proposed the therapeutic capacity of brittle star methanolic extract in prevention of oxidative damage related diseases.
