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Clinical Reasoning in Medicine: A Concept Analysis

AUTHORS

avatar Shahram Yazdani 1 , avatar Maryam Hoseini Abardeh 2 , *

1 Associated Professor, Dean of School of Medical Education Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD Candidate at School of Medical Education Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

How to Cite: Yazdani S, Hoseini Abardeh M. Clinical Reasoning in Medicine: A Concept Analysis . J Med Edu. 2017;16(3):e105581.
doi: 10.22037/jme.v16i3.17755.

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Journal of Medical Education: 16 (3); e105581
Published Online: January 21, 2018
Article Type: Research Article
Received: July 05, 2017
Accepted: October 04, 2017
DOI: 10.22037/jme.v16i3.17755
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Abstract

Background: Clinical reasoning plays an important role in the ability of physicians to make diagnoses and decisions. It is considered the physician’s most critical competence, but it is an ambiguous conceptin medicine that needs a clear analysis and definition. Our aim was to clarify the concept of clinical reasoning in medicine by identifying its components and to differentiate it from other similar concepts.It is necessary to have an operational definition of clinical reasoning, and its components must be precisely defined in order to design successful interventions and use it easily in future research.Methods: McKenna’s nine-step model was applied to facilitate the clarification of the concept of clinical reasoning. The literature for this concept analysis was retrieved from several databases, including Scopus, Elsevier, PubMed, ISI, ISC, Medline, and Google Scholar, for the years 1995– 2016 (until September 2016). An extensive search of the literature was conducted using the electronic database. Accordingly, 17 articles and one book were selected for the review. We applied McKenna’s method of concept analysis in studying clinical reasoning, so that definitional attributes, antecedents, and consequences of this concept were extracted.Results: Clinical reasoning has nine major attributes in medicine. These attributes include: (1) clinical reasoning as a cognitive process; (2) knowledge acquisition and application of different types of knowledge; (3) thinking as a part of the clinical reasoning process; (4) patient inputs; (5) contextdependent and domain-specific processes; (6) iterative and complex processes; (7) multi-modal cognitive processes; (8) professional principles; and (9) health system mandates. These attributes are influenced by the antecedents of workplace context, practice frames of reference, practice models of the practitioner, and clinical skills. The consequences of clinical reasoning are the metacognitive improvement of reasoning and tacit knowledge production.Conclusion: The present concept analysis tries to clarify the concept of clinical reasoning in medicine and reduces the ambiguity of this concept to design successful interventions and use it easily in future research.

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© 2017, Journal of Medical Education. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.
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