1. Background
Injuries and accidents are the main causes of morbidity, limb amputation and mortality worldwide. Many of these complications are due to vascular traumas. These injuries need prompt intervention and management due to limited time of tissue viability (1). If hard signs of vascular injuries (i.e. pulsatile hemorrhage, expansile hematoma, palpable thrill and pulselessness) exist, an urgent surgical intervention would be needed (2).
There are some cases in which surgeon cannot precisely judge the condition due to coexistence of other injuries and lack of classic clinical signs (3). In such instances, which are not rare, angiography has been recommended as the standard diagnostic modality. Although its sensitivity and specificity values for detecting vascular injuries have been reported as 95% to 100% and 90% to 98%, respectively, it is an aggressive and expensive modality, which needs special conditions (4, 5). Nonetheless, among these suspicious cases, the results of angiographies have been normal or near normal and even a small defect might be noted, which would not change the management course of such cases with trauma (5). Hence, many have tried to substitute angiography with noninvasive modalities such as serial physical examination alone or in combination with other methods including ankle brachial index (ABI), arterial pressure index (API) or Doppler ultrasonography (USG) (6)Color Doppler USG is a noninvasive method widely used for the diagnosis of vascular diseases because of its acceptable accuracy in detection of vascular lesions (7).
2. Objectives
In this study, we compared the accuracy of color Doppler USG in the diagnosis of traumatic vascular injuries with that of angiography.
3. Patients and Methods
This study was performed in one year and included 75 patients with probable arterial injury in extremities referred to the radiology department of Imam Reza Hospital to undergo angiography. All patients underwent a color Doppler USG examination just before angiography. Examination was performed while the patient was prepared for angiography to prevent wasting time in trauma management.
We used a Siemens G40 color Doppler USG (Germany) device with a 6- to 10-MHz linear vascular probe. Color Doppler USG was performed by an expert radiologist in vascular USG mode. Angiography reports were written by another radiologist unaware of Doppler examination findings.
depending on the site of injury, blood flow condition inside the artery and Doppler waveform patterns were recorded on three distinct points as follows: on ulnar and radial arteries in wrist, brachial artery in antecubital fossa, and axillary artery in axillary fossa for upper limb; and on anterior and posterior tibial arteries in ankle, popliteal artery in popliteal fossa and common and superficial femoral arteries in inguinal region of the lower limb. In the presence of any change in normal Doppler pattern, all the artery length was evaluated carefully as possible.
Normal Doppler study wave was defined as a triphasic pattern in all examination points (Figure 1). This triphasic pattern has three components: rapid antegrade flow with a peak in systole, early diastolic reversal of flow and slow antegrade flow at late diastole. Any other patterns such as damping were considered as abnormal.
Figure 1.
A, Common femoral artery. B, Popliteal artery. C, Anterior tibial artery.
After performing angiography, normal finding on angiography was defined as a full column linear and regular intraluminal contrast pattern. Abnormal findings were defined as any interruption of the normal continuity or irregularity of the intraluminal borders (e.g. arterial emboli). Data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
4. Results
Eleven of 75 cases were female (14.7%) and 64 (85.3%) were male. Fifty-eight patients (77.3%) had lower limb trauma, while upper limb trauma was seen in 17 patients (22.7%). The most common cause of trauma was motor vehicle accidents (77.3%) (Table 1). Thirty-six patients (48%) had normal angiography findings, while evidences of arterial injury were noticed in 39 patients (52%).
Table 1. Mechanism of Trauma in Patients
| Mechanism | Male | Female | Total a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stabbings | 7 | 1 | 8 (10.7) |
| Gun Shots | 4 | 1 | 5 (6.7) |
| Motor Vehicle Accidents | 49 | 9 | 58 (77.3) |
| Work Accidents | 4 | 0 | 4 (5.3) |
| Total | 64 | 11 | 75 (100.00) |
a Data are presented as No. (%).
Doppler ultrasound assessments showed a normal pattern in 35 cases (46.7%) and abnormal findings in 40 ones (53.3%) (Table 2).
Table 2. Comparing Color Doppler Ultrasonography and Angiography Findings in Patients with Limb Trauma Suspicious for Arterial Injury a
| Angiography Findings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Normal | Abnormal | |
| Doppler Findings | ||
| Normal | 33 (91.7) | 2 (5.1) |
| Abnormal | 3 (8.3) | 37 (94.9) |
a Data are presented as No. (%).
Considering angiography as the gold standard diagnostic tool for arterial injuries, our findings showed a sensitivity of 94.9% and a specificity of 91.7% for Doppler USG. Positive and negative predictive values of Doppler USG were 92.5% and 94.3%, respectively. Patients with abnormal findings on Doppler USG were carefully evaluated for a cut-off point indicating a true and obvious arterial injury; however, this finding was reported only in 26 cases (34.7%). Considering Doppler cutoff point, sensitivity and specificity values of Doppler USG were 66.6% and 100%, respectively, and its positive and negative predictive values were 73% and 100%, respectively.
5. Discussion
The incidence of vascular injuries has been increased worldwide during the past few decades. Motor vehicle accidents are the most common causes of injury in urban and suburban areas (8). Among different types of vascular injuries, extremity vascular injuries are one of the most critical types of limb injuries that could be life or limb threatening (6).
Arteriography as the gold standard to diagnose arterial injuries has a sensitivity of 95% to 100% and specificity of 90% to 98%. Nonetheless, due to its invasive nature, it is associated with some complications in 2.6% of patients and even higher risk in patients with trauma and other coexistent injuries. Transferring a critically-ill patient to angiography ward and injecting contrast media might make the situation even worse and cause serious problems (9).
Therefore, considering these special conditions, performing angiography in any multiple trauma case with findings suggestive of arterial limb injury is questionable. A recent systematic review of 51 articles showed that computed tomography angiography (CTA) is the main replacement of angiography (10). Nonetheless, color Doppler USG is nonaggressive and less expensive as a bedside method for saving patient’s time and minimizing potential risks of other diagnostic interventions (7).
Bynoe et al. reported sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 99% for Doppler USG in detection of limb vascular injuries, respectively (11). Johansen et al. and Kuzniec et al. reported similar results and according to the literature review, both sensitivity and specificity of Doppler USG to diagnose traumatic limb vascular injury are higher than 95%, which seems acceptable for a screening and diagnostic method (12, 13). In our study, Doppler USG had a sensitivity of 94.8% and specificity of 91.6% to detect vascular injuries with positive and negative predictive values of 92.5% and 94.2%, respectively. Considering Doppler cutoff point, sensitivity and specificity of Doppler USG were 66.6% and 100%, respectively, and its positive and negative predictive values were 73% and 100%, respectively.
There were only three cases with abnormal findings in Doppler and normal findings in angiograms, two of which were due to an arterial spasm (one in posterior tibial artery and another in the radial artery). The third one was due to hematoma on the fractured forearm, which pushed the artery away from its normal position and therefore, the normal path of artery could not be detected well by Doppler USG, while angiography showed all the artery length and its shifting to the medial side.
There were two cases with normal findings in Doppler USG and abnormal findings in angiograms. One case had pseudo aneurysm of the distal superficial femoral artery (due to knee dislocation), which was not detected by Doppler USG because of its thick dressings. Another one was a case of cutting of proximal portion of the posterior tibial artery on angiograms, while normal wave pattern was recorded on Doppler USG because of collateral arteries. Doppler USG was not quite accurate to detect the lesion in such instances as limb splints, in situ hematoma, or patient’s pain leading to lack of cooperation for optimal evaluations.
Color Doppler USG fulfilled required criteria of a screening test with a high sensitivity, acceptable specificity, availability, and being inexpensive and noninvasive; therefore, it might be considered as a suitable screening test for those with suspicious vascular injury. Nevertheless, it seems that positive results still necessitate performing an angiography. This diagnostic approach might minimize the risks of angiography in these critically ill patients.
Although Doppler USG has some diagnostic limitations in locating the exact point of artery cut-off point and the traumatized area, it would be recommended as a suitable screening test in patients with limb trauma suspicious for vascular injuries because of its high sensitivity and specificity as well as availability, inexpensiveness and noninvasiveness.
