1. Background
Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) has been studied in oncological imaging. The advantages of this approach include its lower ionizing radiation (1); high soft-tissue contrast resolution [e.g., for head and neck (2, 3), pelvic, and cervical cancer (4)]; and, in certain situations (e.g., cancer recurrence), a wider range of acquisition sequences compared with that of computed tomography (CT) (5). However, PET/MRI has not been studied in the context of ophthalmic examinations.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an effective endothelial cell mitogen, leads to the angiogenic growth of new blood vessels by stimulating proliferation, migration and tube formation (6). VEGF is vital in ocular angiogenesis and is highly expressed in retinopathy of prematurity (6), diabetic retinal disease (7) and aging diseases of the eye (8). In recent years, anti-VEGF treatment has become a first-line therapy in choroidal neovascularization (exudative maculopathy). This approach is also used (off-label) to treat corneal neovascularization (9, 10).
Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal full-length antibody involved in the antiangiogenic response, is targeted to VEGF, and 89Zr-bevacizumab is a probe designed for PET. Molecular imaging can be applied to visualize and potentially quantify functional differences between tumor and normal cells for primary breast cancer (11, 12), renal cell carcinoma (13), neuroendocrine tumors (14), ovarian cancer, and others (15, 16). Additionally, VEGF can be noninvasively visualized via PET imaging when the tracer 89Zr-labeled bevacizumab is used.
Since VEGF is a crucial mediator of abnormal vascular permeability in retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic macular edema (17, 18) and age-related macular degeneration (ADM) (19, 20), the curative effects of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab agents are unsurprising. Although bevacizumab is not approved for ophthalmologic treatment, it is used in the treatment of exudative AMD despite being off-label for this application (21, 22). Bevacizumab demonstrated good efficacy and safety in a series of randomized clinical trials, producing results superior to those of laser photocoagulation of the macula with less myopia (23-25). For retinopathy of prematurity, bevacizumab treatment also has a positive effect, tending to improve vision; in this context, the morphological characteristics of retinal anatomy may predict visual function (26, 27). Despite the effects of bevacizumab in ocular treatment, the absorption and distribution of bevacizumab in eyes have rarely been studied. Traditionally, the distribution and duration of bevacizumab in rabbit eye tissues have been observed by immunofluorescence staining, which is invasive and can greatly differ across groups (28). PET/MRI allows for the noninvasive, quantitative, and repeatable acquisition of analytic information on molecules, biological processes and anatomical properties in living organisms (29).
2. Objectives
In this study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of PET/MRI to evaluate normal New Zealand white rabbit eyes with 89Zr-bevacizumab as a probe. Furthermore, we aimed to study the ocular distribution of bevacizumab. PET/MRI represents a novel method for ophthalmic examination. Moreover, this study provides pharmacokinetic proof of the feasibility of utilizing bevacizumab in ocular treatment.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Conjugation and 89Zr Labeling of Bevacizumab
89Zr has a decay half-life of 78.4 hours, the mean β-energy is 395.5 keV, the positron branching fraction is 22.74%, and the main γ-emissions are 511 keV (45.5%) and 909 keV (99.04%). 89Zr-bevacizumab was produced as previously described by Nagengast et al. (30). Briefly, bevacizumab was purified from excipients using a protein desalting 10 (PD10) column. Next, the conjugation of purified bevacizumab was achieved using deferoxamine (DFO). The ester and bevacizumab were conjugated at room temperature for 1 hour at pH 9 with 1.5 - 2.5 chelating groups per antibody molecule. Then, the mixture was purified again using a PD10 column. 89Zr-oxalate was dissolved in oxalic acid, mixed for 3 minutes at pH 3.9 - 4.2, adjusted to pH 7 with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and then used for labeling. Modified bevacizumab was added and incubated in 89Zr-oxalate solution for 40 minutes at room temperature. The crude product was purified with a PD10 column.
3.2. Quality Control for 89Zr-Bevacizumab
Modified bevacizumab was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC parameters were a chromatographic column of 7.8 mm × 300 mm (TSK gel G3000SWXL), an ultraviolet (UV) wavelength of 280 nm, isocratic elution, a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and a mobile phase of 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) aqueous solution (pH 7.4). The radiochemical purity of radiolabeled antibodies was determined using radio-HPLC. Instant thin-layer chromatography (ITLC) (FLOW COUNT; Eckert & Ziegler), using 0.15 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) as the mobile phase, was utilized to differentiate the labeled product from aggregates and unlabeled 89Zr.
3.3. Stability of 89Zr-Bevacizumab
The stability of 89Zr-bevacizumab was determined by storing the final product (1 mg, 50 megabecquerel [MBq]) at 4°C for 7 days. Radio-HPLC was performed 1 hour, 4 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours, and 168 hour after labeling.
3.4. MRI and Micro-PET
The work was conducted with the formal approval of the Beijing Association on Laboratory Animal Care. We anesthetized six rabbits with isoflurane (5% for induction and 1.5% - 2% for maintenance in 70% N2O/30% O2). The body temperature of each rabbit was maintained at 39°C. MR acquisition was initiated as soon as the rabbits were placed in supine position in the scanner. T2-weighted images (T2WI) were obtained prior to the injection of 89Zr-bevacizumab into New Zealand white rabbits. PET images were acquired using a dedicated micro-PET system (BioCaliburn 700). After undergoing a 10-minutes transmission scan, rabbits were injected 2 mm from the corneal limbus into the vitreous humor of the left eye with 25 µL 100 µCi 89Zr-bevacizumab. PET was used for dynamic imaging from 5 minutes to 60 minutes and for static imaging at 4 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 120 hours, and 144 hours (10 minutes scans) after 89Zr-bevacizumab injection.
An iterative ordered subset expectation maximization two-dimensional (OSEM-2D) algorithm was used to reconstruct the images. Attenuation and scatter corrections were applied. These parameters allowed for acquisition of the percent injected dose per gram of tissue-time (%ID-time) and standardized uptake value (SUV)-time curves for the eyes. PET image visualization, processing, and analyses were performed using PMOD software, version 3.1 (PMOD Technologies, Zurich, Switzerland).
3.5. Statistical Analyses
All quantitative data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). An iterative OSEM-2D algorithm was used for reconstruction of the images. PET/MRI scans were fused using PMOD software, version 3.1.
4. Results
4.1. Radiolabeling and Quality Control
After bevacizumab was modified with DFO, the DFO-bevacizumab product had a chemical purity of 94.30%, as determined using HPLC (Figure 1). When marker production was complete, the radiochemical purity of the final product, 89Zr-bevacizumab, was 93.21% as determined using radio-HPLC. The total proportion of polymer impurity was 6.79%, and free zirconium was not found (Figure 2). The specific activity of 89Zr-bevacizumab was 58 MBq/mg. These results demonstrate that bevacizumab can be labeled with 89Zr with high labeling efficiency.
Figure 1.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results for modified bevacizumab
Figure 2.
Radio- high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results for 89Zr-bevacizumab
The retention time and purity for bevacizumab were 9.900 minutes and 94.30%, respectively.
The retention time and radiochemical purity for 89Zr-bevacizumab were 10.006 minutes and 93.21%, respectively.
4.2. In Vitro Evaluation of Radiolabeled Compounds
89Zr-bevacizumab stored at 4°C exhibited a small decrease (4%) in protein-bound radioactivity after 168 hours.
4.3. PET/MRI Study of 89Zr-Bevacizumab in Normal New Zealand White Rabbits
PET images acquired between 5 minutes and 144 hours after an injection of 25 µL 3.7 MBq 89Zr-bevacizumab are shown below, including those obtained via dynamic imaging from 5 minutes to 60 minutes (Figure 3) and static imaging at 4 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 120 hours, and 144 hours (10 minutes scans) (Figure 4). Research was performed in accordance with National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines. Fused PET/MRI images revealed the temporal biodistribution of 89Zr-bevacizumab in rabbit eyes.
Figure 3.
Fused positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) images obtained via dynamic imaging from 5 minutes to 60 minutes after 89Zr-bevacizumab injection
Figure 4.
Fused positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) images obtained via static imaging after 89Zr-bevacizumab injection
In New Zealand white rabbits, a high level of radioactivity was observed in eyes (Figure 5A). The percent injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g)-time curves in Figure 5A show that the radioactivity level in eyes plateaued approximately 5 minutes after the administration of 89Zr-bevacizumab. The SUV time curves in Figure 5B indicate the remaining quantities of 89Zr-bevacizumab in rabbit eyes.
Figure 5.
A, Percent injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g)-time (minutes) curves. B, Standardized uptake value (SUV) (mean)-time curves for positron emission tomography (PET) images acquired via dynamic imaging from 5 minutes to 60 minutes and static imaging at 4 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 120 hours, and 144 hours.
Radioactivity levels in eyes plateaued approximately 5 minutes after the 89Zr-bevacizumab administration, and the measured vitreous values decreased from 340.52 ± 41.6% ID/g to 21.53 ± 3.39% ID/g by 144 hours. The drug half-life in eyes was calculated for 84.25 hours. Over time, 89Zr-bevacizumab was detected from the injected area to the whole vitreous body. Moreover, a small amount may have entered the aqueous fluid, accompanied by a decrease in positron emission.
5. Discussion
Neovascularization occurs in several ocular diseases, such as exudative AMD (9), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (7), and retinopathy of prematurity (21). VEGF, a major factor inducing the formation of new vessels, acts via its receptors in ocular diseases. Anti-VEGF therapy is as an effective treatment for such diseases (9). For these diseases, early damage is often invisible upon clinical examination. VEGF-related approaches may allow for early examinations of ocular diseases.
89Zr (t1/2 = 78.4 hours), which has been exploited for PET studies of antibodies, has the advantages of facile labeling procedures and a relatively long decay time (16). Here, we utilized 89Zr to evaluate the distribution of bevacizumab over 144 hours (1 week). We used PET/MRI instead of a traditional approach to study ocular pharmacokinetic properties. Using noninvasive PET/MRI technology, we observed the ocular biodistribution of bevacizumab in the vitreous chamber compartment of the same animal for as long as 144 hours following intravitreal administration. Isotope labeling is a new method for ocular pharmacokinetic studies. Since the blood-eye barrier may block bevacizumab in the bloodstream from entering the eyes, using traditional methods to track drugs in eyes is difficult.
In conclusion, 89Zr-bevacizumab can be monitored via PET imaging in animals, and this radiolabeling approach exhibits high sensitivity in vitreous humors. Using noninvasive PET/MRI technology, we observed the ocular biodistribution of bevacizumab in the vitreous chamber compartment in the same animal for as long as 144 hours following intravitreal administration. This study clearly demonstrated the biodistribution of 89Zr-bevacizumab. Moreover, PET/MRI represents a novel ophthalmic examination method.
