1. Introduction
The intestinal atresia is among the most common etiologies of complete and partial small bowel obstruction. It has been classified into five types, including type 1 (mucosal web), type 2 (atretic fibrous cord), type 3a (mesenteric defect), type 3b (apple peel atresia), and type 4 (multiple atresias) (1, 2).
Congenital intestinal web (type 1 intestinal atresia) is a rare finding of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (1, 3) mostly found at the duodenal second portion (3); however, in few cases (8%), it is also reported in other parts of the intestinal lumen, such as jejunum (3, 4). The incidence rate of duodenal atresia is one in 5,000 live births, whereas the intestinal web incidence rate remains unclear (5). For instance, in a study by Burjonrappa et al. (6), among 131 cases of intestinal atresia, only 14 (11%) cases had jejunoileal webs (3, 6).
Clinical manifestations such as bilious vomiting and abdominal distention often present soon after birth, commonly in the first 24 hours of life (3, 7). However, in few cases, the onset of symptoms is delayed to childhood, probably due to a fenestrated web resulting in the partial obstruction (4, 8). This unexpected delay is probably the main reason for excluding this serious cause of intestinal obstruction among the long list of differential diagnoses.
Here, we present a relatively rare jejunal web case with an uncommon late onset of symptoms (after 18 months) and discuss the existing literature regarding the jejunal web.
2. Case Presentation
An 18-month-old girl, G2P2L2A0, breastfed, referred to our tertiary children’s hospital with a history of nausea, chronic recurrent vomiting, abdominal distension, constipation, and failure to thrive (FTT) due to poor feeding from 6 months ago. The patient had a birth weight of 3.970 kg and was delivered by cesarean section at the 39th week of pregnancy. She had a past medical history of neonatal jaundice with phototherapy and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) since 2 months old; the patient was on omeprazole treatment during this time without any response. Also, she had been hospitalized several times because of nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and FTT since a year ago. The patient had an ill-looking appearance and was dehydrated. According to the results of clinical examination, body temperature was 37°C, blood pressure 80/50 mmHg, heart rate 120 beats/min, and respiratory rate 22/min. The patient had a sunken eye with a depressed anterior fontanel. The abdominal examinations were normal, and no signs of distension, tenderness, or organomegaly were present. The patient had a weight of 6.600 kg, a height of 64 cm, and a head circumference of 42 cm. The patient had a Z-score of < -3.8, defined as a severe FTT and marasmus looking appearance. Other systems, including the chest, heart, and central nervous system (CNS) were normal. Table 1 and Figure 1 show a growth chart since birth up to 4 months of post-surgical correction.
Table 1.Growth Chart at Birth up to 24 Months
| Age, mo | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth (0) | 10 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 24 | |
| Weight, kg | 3.970 | 6.600 | 6.400 | 6500 | 6.600 | 7.360 | 9.600 | 10.500 | 11.600 |
| Head circumference, cm | 36 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 44.5 | 45.5 | 46 |
| Height, cm | 55 | 60 | 62 | 62 | 64 | 74 | 77 | 81 | 81 |
| weight to age Z-score | -1.9 | -1 | -3 | -3.5 | -3.8 | -3 | -1 | -0.6 | 0.2 |
Figure 1.
Weight, height, head circumference, and Z-score trends
The patient rehydrated with normal saline as moderate dehydration. Primary laboratory examination revealed mild anemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia alongside hypoalbuminemia (Table 2). Following the resuscitation and rehydration therapy in the hospital, the patient developed abdominal distension with frequent bilious vomiting episodes. Radiographic investigations, including a supine and upright abdominal X-ray showed an asymmetric bowel loops dilation with multiple air-fluid levels and a gasless rectum (Figure 2). Abdominopelvic ultrasound revealed jejunal distension along with an increase in the mucosal thickness. Upper GI series revealed jejunal dilatation with normal duodenojejunal junction (C-loop) position (Figure 3). The contrast agent passed through the small intestine; therefore, it favored the jejunal web. The urine analysis had no significant findings, and the culture was also negative.
Table 2.Primary Laboratory Examination
| Age | Reference Range | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 12 | 18 | ||
| Na, mmol/L | 126 | 125 | 134 | 135 - 145 |
| K, mmol/L | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.5 - 5.5 |
| Hb, g/dL | 12.8 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 6 - 12 months: 11.3 - 14.1; 1 - 5 years: 10.9 - 15.0 |
| Cr, mg/dL | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 2 - 12 months: 0.2 - 0.4; 1 - 2 years: 0.2 - 0.5 |
| TP, g/dL | 6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4 - 11 months: 5.6 - 7.2; ≥ 1 years: 6.0 - 8.0 |
| Alb, g/dL | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.8-5.4 |
| AST, U/L | 247 | 88 | 63 | 20 - 60 |
| ALT, U/L | 248 | 116 | 31 | 6 - 50 |
| Bili T, mg/dL | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | < 1.0 |
| Bili D, mg/dL | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | < 0.35 |
| ALKP, U/L | 490 | 273 | 190 | 6 - 11 months: 110 - 320; 1 - 3 years: 145 - 320 |
| Sweat test (chloride), mmol/L | - | - | 12 | > 6 months: normal: ≤ 39; intermediate: 40 - 59; positive: ≥ 60 |
Abbreviations: Alb, albumin; ALKP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine amino transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Bili D, direct bilirubin; Bili T, total bilirubin; Cr, creatinine; Hb, hemoglobin; Tp, total protein.
Figure 2.
Plain abdominal X-ray. A, Supine abdominal X-ray; and B, upright X-ray revealed small intestine distention with air-fluid levels.
Figure 3.
Serial upper GI series
The patient was diagnosed with jejunal web and underwent end-to-end anastomosis jejunostomy (Figure 4). The patient was discharged with nutrient support, including multivitamin drop, folic acid, ferrous sulfate drop, zinc gluconate, resource junior milk powder, and close clinical follow-ups. Post-operation follow-up revealed a significant growth in weight, height, and head circumference. During four months of follow-up, she had no episodes of vomiting or abdominal distention.
Figure 4.
Jejunal web, Jejunostomy with end-to-end anastomosis
3. Discussion
Jejunal web is a congenital finding presenting often early after birth, usually in the first 24 hours of life. The jejunal atresia or web manifestations may be delayed beyond infancy. The typical presentations are biliary vomiting, abdominal distension, constipation, and FTT (3).
We reported an uncommon jejunal web case of an 18-month-old female child with recurrent vomiting, constipation, and FTT. The patient had been hospitalized several times due to nausea, vomiting, and dehydration since last year without any significant physical examination findings. In this case, there were three aspects of interest. Firstly, the delayed onset of symptoms as it started at 18 months old; secondly, the infrequency of the condition; and thirdly, the surprisingly good response to surgical treatment. In a study by Shakya et al. (9), six out of 11 children died due to jejunal atresia. On the other hand, Lin et al. (3) reported that the response to surgical treatment was good since all the patients survived properly and showed feeding tolerance, as in the current case.
Neonatal bilious vomiting without abdominal distension often occurs due to proximal GI obstruction, and therefore remains a surgical emergency in newborns and requires urgent attention. The first possible diagnosis that should be ruled out is malrotation; therefore, the first immediate investigation after admission is an upper GI contrast study. Other possible diagnoses must be considered, including severe sepsis, functional GI obstruction, and anatomical GI obstruction such as malrotation and intestinal atresia. Hence, further investigations should be performed, including laboratory studies (complete blood count, urine analysis, blood culture, urine culture, arterial blood gas, and stool exam) and imaging studies (plain radiography, sonography, upper GI contrast study, computed tomography [CT] scan, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Laboratory tests can help diagnose perforated obstruction and severe sepsis. For instance, leukocytosis may suggest that severe sepsis or thrombocytopenia can lead to perforation. Imaging studies must be done to reach the diagnosis. Plain abdominal X-ray and sonographic studies contribute to investigating signs of obstruction; however, in this case, upper GI contrast was a more accurate way to make a diagnosis. Abdominal X-ray usually reveals dilated loops of bowel with an air-fluid level, reflux of contrast into collapsed terminal ileum and small unused colon in a barium enema, and upper GI tract series localize the area of obstruction.
Furthermore, in perforated cases, pneumoperitoneum is often found in chest X-ray (10). In the study of Tang et al. (7) on a 7-day-old boy presenting with recurrent vomiting, GI contrast studies showed incomplete duodenal obstruction and distended duodenum with partial hold up of contrast at the distal duodenum. A supine abdominal X-ray revealed an asymmetric dilation of bowel loops with multiple air-fluid levels in our patient. Abdominopelvic ultrasound revealed jejunal distension along with an increase in the mucosal thickness.
Based on the clinical and paraclinical findings, the patient was diagnosed with jejunal web obstruction. Jejunal atresia is typically managed by surgical procedure with excision of the affected area (11). Tang et al. (7) performed an emergency laparotomy with the excision of jejunal web and 2 cm of the jejunum and an end-to-end oblique jejuno-jejunostomy anastomosis with no postoperative complication. Afterward, the oral diet was well-tolerated, and appetite resumed suitably. Kothari and Kothari (12) also reported a four-year-old case who presented with FTT, recurrent bilious vomiting, abdominal pain, and the final diagnosis was the jejunal web. Enterotomy with excision of the web was done in that case, and the child had an uneventful postoperative recovery. In our case, the patient was followed for six months after surgery, which revealed a surprising increase in appetite with significant weight, height, and head circumference growth. As shown in Table 1, the patient had poor weight gain until 18 months old (birth weight: 3.970 kg - 18 months: 6.800 kg). However, weight gain after the operation was significant (21 months: 9.600 kg; 23 months: 10.500 kg; 24 months: 11.600 kg).
In conclusion, intestinal atresia is a rare complication and should be considered a probable diagnosis in patients presenting intestinal obstruction even after the neonatal period to undergo necessary investigations and hamper the following mortal outcomes.
