1. Background
Measles, mumps and rubella are acute viral infectious diseases of childhood with high mortality and morbidity especially in malnourished children. The importance of these diseases is not only due to their ability to spread rapidly and leave high number of cases, but also to the severity of their complications (1). Measles is a highly contagious disease with several complications such as otitis media, pneumonia and encephalitis. Mumps is also an acute communicable disease can cause meningoencephalitis in children and epididymo-orchitis in adolescent boys (2). Rubella is a generally mild, exanthematous illness with low morbidity and mortality in children, however, infection in pregnancy may result fetal involvement and congenital rubella syndrome (3). Because, these viral illnesses do not have any specific treatment, the best way for prevention is vaccination.
Measles, mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine has been included as a part of immunization program in developed countries since the 1970s (4). In Iran, measles vaccination in ages of nine and 15 months was a part of routine ammunition of children up to 2004 (5), and after this year vaccination by MMR vaccine was substituted and all of children were vaccinated at 12 months and four to six years of age (6). In 2008, MMR vaccination schedule changed to 12 and 18 months of age by this vaccine (7). In Iran, MMR vaccine is a relatively new vaccine and information about efficacy of this vaccine is low. Time by time evaluation of efficacy of vaccines is a useful method to plan further vaccination schedule and eradication of communicable diseases. Therefore, we decided to assess the antibody level to measles, mumps and rubella six months after MMR vaccination in children who received the vaccine at 12 months and six years of age.
2. Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess antibody response to measles, mumps and rubella in 18 months and 6.5 years old children, six months after MMR vaccination.
3. Patients and Methods
In a cross-sectional study, blood samples were obtained from children who referred to vaccination clinic of Abuzar Children’s Hospital (the main children hospital of Ahvaz). The study population consisted of two age groups. The first were 18 months old children who received a dose of MMR (Razi Institute of Iran) vaccine six months ago and the second group were 6.5 years old who were vaccinated by MMR vaccine at the age of six. This group of children had received measles vaccine at nine and 15 months of age according to past vaccination program. Before sampling, all children were examined by a physician and if there was not any evidence of immunosuppression (malignancy, immunodeficiency, radiotherapy, use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressant drugs), entered the study.
After parental consent was taken, 3 ml of blood was collected from each child. Sera were separated and stored at -70°c in Virology Laboratory of Ahvaz Medical School for about three months. At the end of sampling, IgG antibodies to mumps, measles and rubella were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using commercial ELISA kit (RADIM diagnostics, Italy) according to its manufacturer’s instructions. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software version 13. Chi-square test was used for the statistical evaluation of the results obtained in the study.
4. Results
The study included 70 cases of 18 months of age and 90 cases of 6.5 years of age. In 18 months of age group, 34 (48.6 %) were males and 36 (51.4 %) females. Table 1 shows the results of antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella in 18 months old children. There was not any significant statistical difference in the seroprevalence of measles, mumps and rubella between males and females in this age group (P > 0.05). In 6.5 years old group, 54 (60 %) were males and 36 (40 %) females. Table 2 shows antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella in 6.5 years old children. The prevalence of antibodies against measles and mumps in males and females was not statistically different (P > 0.05), but the level of rubella antibody in females and males was statistically different (P = 0.04) and female had better antibody response to rubella after MMR vaccination.
Table 1Antibodies Against Measles, Mumps and Rubella in 18 Months Old Children
| Positive, No. (%) | Negative, No. (%) | Positive, No. (%) | Negative, No. (%) | Positive, No. (%) | Negative, No. (%) | |
| Female | 15 (41.6) | 21 (48.4) | 19 (52.8) | 17 (47.2) | 31 (86) | 5 (4) |
| Male | 15 (44.1) | 19 (55.9) | 22 (64.7) | 12 (35.3) | 32 (94.1) | 2 (5.9) |
| Total | 30 (42.9) | 40 (57.1) | 41 (58.6) | 29 (41.4) | 63 (90) | 7 (10) |
Table 2Antibodies Against Measles, Mumps and Rubella in 6.5 Years Old Children
| Positive, No. (%) | Negative, No. (%) | Positive, No. (%) | Negative, No. (%) | Positive, No. (%) | Negative, No. (%) | |
| Female | 17 (47.2) | 19 (52.8) | 29 (80.5) | 7 (19.5) | 35 (97.2) | 1 (2.7) |
| Male | 24 (44.4) | 30 (55.6) | 40 (74.1) | 14 (25.9) | 44 (81.4) | 10 (18.6) |
| Total | 41 (45.6) | 49 (54.4) | 69 (76.7) | 21 (23.3) | 79 (87.8) | 11 (12.2) |
5. Discussion
The results of this study showed relatively high, moderate and poor response to rubella, mumps and measles component of MMR vaccine respectively, six months after vaccination of 12 months and six years old children. Six years old children had a better antibody response to MMR vaccine in comparison to 18 months old children. The prevalence of antibodies to measles, mumps and rubella after MMR vaccination were determined by many studies worldwide. The antibody response to rubella after MMR vaccination was more than 90% in most studies as our study showed (8-12).
For mumps, the antibody response ranged from 72 to 99.5% (4, 11, 13-18). In our study, the prevalence of mumps antibody after vaccination in 6.5 years old children was in this range but the percent of immune children to mumps in 18 months old children was lower than what was expected. Only the result of one study from Saudi Arabia was similar to our study (19). The seroprevalence of measles antibodies in our study in both groups were lower than other studies worldwide (1, 4, 12, 15, 20, 21).
he antibody response after MMR vaccination to measles in 18 months of age group was about 43% and in 6.5 years of age was about 46%. It is notified that all 6.5 years old children have received two doses of measles vaccine in infancy and a dose of MMR in six years old. Because MMR is a new vaccine, the studies about effectiveness of this vaccine in Iran is limited, whereas most studies evaluated the seroprevalence of measles antibody after measles vaccination (22). We do not have any explanations for statistical difference in seropositivity between males and females in 6.5 years old children. Other studies have not shown any significant difference between genders (23, 24).
ince, historically measles have been a common disease in Iran and according to the world health organization (WHO) schedules, Iran is in the elimination stage of measles (25), so this low rate of seropositiveness after MMR vaccination is not acceptable. Recently some Health officials have reported some measles outbreaks in southern states of the country (26). Some reasons which are considered as the causes of low effectiveness of vaccines, include; type of the vaccine, lack of cold chain preservation of vaccine and poor technique in administration of vaccine. Anyway whatever the reason of poor vaccine response is, this level of seropositiveness after MMR vaccination at least in our region is unacceptable.
One limitation of our study was, we did not check antibody level before vaccination and some children might be seropositive before vaccination. The other problem was changing of the country vaccination schedule during the study period. Our suggestion is to evaluate antibody response to MMR vaccine before and after vaccination, and in a large vaccine population. Our study revealed a good response for rubella, a moderate response for mumps and a poor response for measles after MMR vaccination. Whereas, at the present time, Iran is in the measles eradication phase, this low level of protection against measles is worrisome. Since, besides of the results of this study, some reports indicate outbreaks of measles in some areas of the country, further studies are needed to evaluate antibody response to measles, mumps and rubella after MMR vaccination in other parts of the country.
