1. Background
One of the important factors that have affected human health over the years is infectious diseases. Among these diseases, transmissible diseases between animals and humans are considered to be significant. At present, more than 450 diseases are known to be transmitted between animals and humans. They are a serious danger to public health, economic development, business and the tourism industry, especially in developing countries. Leptospirosis is a severe, fever causing, systemic, zoonotic disease that is caused by pathogenic spiral bacteria which belong to the species Leptospira interrogans. These bacteria are placed in to the family Leptospiraceae, and the order Spirochaetales (1).
These spirochetes are finely coiled, thin, motile, slow growing aerobic, gram-negative bacteria which are transmitted to humans through contact of the mucous membranes or abraded skin with a contaminated environmental source (e.g. water, food, contact with the urine of an infected animal) (2). Leptospirosis was first recognized as an “occupational disease” in 1983. It is common among; farm workers, veterinarians, and agriculture field workers with a worldwide distribution, which is generally associated with humid subtropical or tropical climates (heavy rainfall) and it has endemic potential. Laboratory diagnosis of human leptospirosis relies on either the isolation of etiological organisms from the specimen or the demonstration of specific antibodies which arise in the serum (3). Isolation is laborious, time consuming, expensive, and has low sensitivity (4). Direct demonstration of leptospires in preparations from clinical specimens by dark-field microscopy, direct immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining has been hampered by a lack of specificity, due to the non-specific background (5).
2. Objectives
This study prospectively evaluated two serological methods, the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), with the aim of identifying leptospiral agents in order to prevent and control leptospirosis diseases in the quickest possible time.
3. Patients and Methods
Serum samples were collected from 90 people who were suspected of having leptospirosis. These patients had shown an acute fever (38º C) for more than one day, but not exceeding three weeks, and had been referred to the health center of the Gilan Province (Iran). All collected serum samples were kept at –20º C for analysis with both MAT and IFA methods.
3.1. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)
The MAT followed a modified Galton technique (6), 4 to 14 day old cultures of predominant serogroups of Leptospira in a broth media were incubated at 28º - 30º C with the density 104. used as a live antigen. In this study we used five predominant serogroups of L. interrogans which are the most commonly known in Iran; Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Sejro hardjo. A ratio of 50 µl of serum was diluted 1:100 with phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and this was added to 23 wells of a microtiter plate, then 50 µl of each live Leptospira serovar was added to each well. The specimen was mixed gently after leaving for two hours in an incubator at 28 - 30º C, the suspension was dropped onto a slide (wet mount) and the amount of motility of the Leptospira agents was observed under a dark field microscope at a final magnification of 400x. Any serum specimen with a positive reaction was then tested against the respective server to determine the endpoint titer which gave the highest dilution having more than 50% agglutination of the leptospires. The serovar giving the highest titer was considered to be the infecting serovar.
3.2. Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
The IFA was performed using a modified test (7). In the IFA method, five serovars of L. interrogans were used as antigens; Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Sejro hardjo, and Canicola, which had been fixed with normal yolk sacs. These were put on a slide and wrapped with aluminum foil, and then stored at 20º C until used. 10 µl of the diluted serum (starting at 5 µl ) was added to the slide and incubated at room temperature in a moist chamber for 30 minutes. The slide was washed with phosphate buffer saline pH: 7.2 three times (for 10-15 min each time), and air dried. 10ml of optimal dilution fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated rabbit anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig G) along with Evans blue (DAKO, Denmark) was placed on the slide and incubated at room temperature in a moist chamber for 30 min. The slide was washed with phosphate buffer saline as previously done. The slide was examined under a fluorescent microscope. All positive sera were further diluted until the highest final serum dilution giving a visible fluorescence of the leptospires was found. Positive and negative reference servers were included in each batch tested.
4. Results
A total of 90 serum samples belonging to those who were suspected to have leptospirosis were evaluated for leptospiral antibodies using two serological methods, the MAT and IFA tests. Out of the 90 serum samples which were tested by the MAT method, 64 samples (71.11%) showed positive serum reactions (a titer above 1/100) and 26 samples (28.88%) had a negative serum reaction to leptospiral serovars. The results of the IFA test showed that 42 cases (46.66%) had a positive serum reaction (a titer above 1/16) and 48 cases (53.33%) had a negative serological reaction to the leptospiral serovars. Also, the highest antibody titer against Leptospiral serogroups in the MAT and IFA tests respectively was 1/200 and 1/32.
MAT and IFA tests were used with the five leptospiral serogroups that are the most commonly known in Iran; Icterohaemorrhagiae, Sejro hardjo, Canicola, Pomona, and Grippotyphosa. With respect to the results of the outcomes of these two diagnostic methods (MAT and IFA), the most common serovars that the patients showed a positive serum reaction were related to; Icterohaemorrhagiae (35 No.), Canicola (21 No.), Pomona (10 No.), and Sejro hardjo (1 No.) in the MAT test and Icterohaemorrhagiae (18 No.), Pomona (17 No.), Canicola (15 No.), Grippotyphosa (5 No.), and Sejro hardjo (5 No.) in the IFA test respectively (Table1.)
The results of this study showed that the MAT method is more sensitive and specific than the IFA method, but the IFA method showed a specific quality to the serogroups; Pomona Grippotyphosa, and Sejro hardjo.
Table 1Rate and Percentage of Seropositive Antibodies using Two Methods (IFA and MAT)
| Icterohaemorrhagiae | 18 | 35 | 53 | 58.8% |
| Pomona | 17 | 10 | 27 | 30% |
| Canicola | 15 | 21 | 36 | 40% |
| Sejro hardjo | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5.55% |
| Grippotyphosa | 5 | 0 | 5 | 5. 55% |
5. Discussion
According to numerous reports based on acute and chronic outbreaks of leptospirosis in Iran among human and animal populations, it is essential to pay greater attention and give quicker recognition to the agents which cause this disease, along with better control and prevention, because it is both a health and an economic problem. The province of Gilan (Iran) due to its geographical location (it lies on the shores of the Caspian Sea and it also has several neighboring countries including Azerbaijan, mild weather, moist climatic conditions) and many people make their living from growing rice in flooded fields, which is an environment conducive for the survival and spread of leptospirosis. According to seroepidemiological studies of leptospirosis, with the aim of identification of the most common Leptospiral serogroups in polluted centers in iran, Five serogroups of L. interrogans contain; Icterohaemorrhagiae, Sejro hardjo, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, and Pomona were identified (8).
Serological testing is the most widely used means for diagnosing leptospirosis, and the MAT is considered to be the gold standard test for the diagnosis and detection of leptospiral antibodies in human and animal sera for the infecting serovar and serogroup (2), however, the MAT test has some limitations in a routine clinical laboratory because it requires a battery of live antigens (maintaining a stock of live cultures) which creates high risk of contamination while using and it is also time consuming, hence this test is achievable only in reference laboratories. In the IFA method which uses non-live antigens there is a low risk of contamination while using. This method is suitable for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in a routine clinical laboratory. This test also has some limitations, such as it requires a fluorescent microscope and technical expertise. Hence, this investigation suggests that it is better for the serum samples to be collected from routine local public health laboratories for later analysis at the reference centers. In reference centers the main identification and determination of serum titer will be conducted in the same way as in other countries.
