1. Background
The most commonly used classes of antifungal agents to treat Candida infections are the azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins (1). Many factors including the excessive use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, aggressive anticancer therapy and the AIDS epidemic increase the incidence of candidiasis (2, 3). The most common organisms involved in fungal infections in the high risk patients is Candida spp. that cause the greatest number of invasive candidiasis (4). Caspofungin is an echinocandins antifungal exhibiting significant in vitro activity against the Candida spp. (5). Fluconazole is effective in treating mucosal candidiasis. However, resistance to fluconazole and other azoles antifungal drugs is an important clinical problem to treat candidiasis (6). Caspofungin is more effective against Candida species, including some azoles-resistant isolates (6, 7). Caspofungin has excellent antifungal activity against many non-albicans Candida species, particularly Candidaglabrata isolates expressing resistant to fluconazole (8-12).
Antifungal drug resistance is rapidly changing a major problem; especially with the immunocompromised patients (13, 14). Considering the increased fluconazole-resistance Candida spp. isolates the need arises for antifungal susceptibility testing (14, 15). In Iran, there is not enough information about the effect of caspofungin against fluconazole-resistance Candida spp. isolates in high-risk patients including the ones with diabetes, immunodeficiency, organs and bone marrow transplantations, cancers, immunosuppressive drugs users etc.
2. Objectives
The current study aimed to investigate the susceptibilities of clinical fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible dose-dependent Candida species to caspofungin.
3. Materials and Methods
The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Helsinki Declaration as reflected in a priori approval by the Human Research Committee Institution and informed consent letter was obtained from each patient participated in the study (2).
3.1. Organisms
Two-hundred and seven Candida species including C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondi, C. kefyr etc. isolated from high-risk patients including the ones with HIV-positive, cancer, diabetes and etc. and identified by standard methods (cornmeal for blastoconidia, germ-tube formation, pseudohyphae, and true hyphae and growth on Chrome Candida agar) and the API 20 C system (16) were examined by fluconazole in pretest; In addition, 118 ATCC 22019 and C. krusei ATCC 6285 which are standard species of C. parapsilosis included in each run of susceptibility tests for quality control.
3.2. Antifungal Drugs
To prepare caspofungin stocks, caspofungin (Merck and Co., Inc., NJ, USA) by broth micro dilution assay was used, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (16).
3.3. Preparing Caspofungin Dilution
Caspofungin stock solution, according to NCCLS micro dilution method (17), was prepared by adding 0.0256 g caspofungin to a falcon tube including 10 mL distilled water and then the tube was incubated in -70°C for further applications. RPMI 1640 (sigma Aldrich) in association with L-glutamine (without sodium bicarbonate) and buffered (pH = 7.0) with MOPS was used as susceptibility test and serial two-fold dilutions.
3.4. Culturing the Isolates
Initially, all isolates including 108 (52.2%) C. albicans, 51 (24.6%) C. glabrata, 16 (7.7%) C. tropicalis, 7 (3.4%) C. krusei, 4 (1.9%) C. dubliniensis, other Candida spp. 11 (5.3%) (one C. parapsilosis, two C. guilliermondi , three C. kefyer, three C. femata, one C. incanspiqua and one C.ciferi) and unknown yeasts 10 (4.8%) were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (Merck, Germany) and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.
3.5. Preparing Yeast Suspensions
Yeast inoculums was prepared by picking two to three colonies of > 1 mm diameter from an overnight culture of Candida species, growing on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 35°C, and suspending them in 2 mL of 0.85% normal saline. The resulting suspension was vortexed for 15 seconds and this procedure yielded a yeast stock suspension of 1 × 106 - 5 × 106 cells/mL. A working suspension was made by a 1:100 dilution followed by a 1:20 dilution of the stock suspension with RPMI 1640 broth medium, which results in 0.5 - 2.5 × 103 cells/mL. The cell density was adjusted to 0.5 - 2.5 × 103 cells/mL.
3.6. Candida spp. Isolates Sensitivity to Caspofungin
Micro dilution plates were set up according to the NCCLS (CLSI) M27-A3 guidelines. Thermo Scientific™ Nunc™ MicroWell™ with 96-well flat-bottomed micro dilution panels is ideal for microscopic and optical measurements. Each micro plate had two drug free growth controls, one with the media alone (growth control) and the other with media containing an equivalent amount of solvent used to dissolve the drug (solvent control).
3.7. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Plates were incubated at 35°C and MICs were read visually after 48 hours using mirror. Rates of resistance were determined according to the MIC breakpoints proposed by NCCLS (CLSI) M27-A3. Caspofungin, an MIC of > 2 μg/mL, was used to identify caspofungin-non-susceptible Candida spp. (18). Fluconazole with the MICs of > 64 μg/mL, and 16 - 32 μg/mL were used to identify resistance, and susceptible dose-dependence against fluconazole, respectively (19). The growth level in each well was compared to that of the positive control. Antifungal activity was expressed as the MIC of each drug against the isolate. The following resistance breakpoints were used according to CLSI guidelines (17). MIC rates of caspofungin against C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 were 1 and 0.0625 μg/mL, and against C. krusei ATCC 6258 were 0.5 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. MIC50 and MIC90 were also calculated. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 11.5.
4. Results
The most abundant species isolated from high-risk patients with cancer, AIDS and diabetes were C. albicans (52.2%), C. glabrata (24.6%), C. tropicalis (7.7%) and C.krusei (3.4%), respectively. The results revealed that 30 (91%) out of 33 fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida spp. and other yeasts were susceptible to caspofungin. Only 3 (9%) out of 33 fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida spp. were non-susceptible to caspofungin. The current study showed that in vitro caspofungin was more active against Iranian fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. and some other yeasts isolated from clinical samples in Iran (P < 0.001).
| Fluconazole-Resistant Isolates MIC ≥ 64 | Caspofungin-Non Susceptible Isolates (MIC > 2) in Fluconazole-Resistant Isolates | Caspofungin-Susceptible Isolates (MIC ≤ 2) in Fluconazole-Resistant Isolates | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C.albicans (108) | 8 (7.4) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) |
| C. glabrata (51) | 15 (29.4) | 1 (6.6) | 14 (93.4) |
| C. tropical (16) | 3 (18.7) | 0 | 3 (100) |
| C. krusei(7) | 5 (71.4) | 1 (20) | 4 (80) |
| C. dubliniensis(4) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Candia spp. (11) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Unknown yeasts (10) | 2 (20) | 0 | 2 (100) |
| Total (207) | 33 (16) | 3 (9) | 30 (91) |
a Data are presented as NO. (%).
b Other Candida spp. Includes: C. kefyer (3), C. femata (3), C. guilliermondii (2), C. parapsilosis (1), C.ciferii (1), C.incanspiqua (1).
5. Discussion
Despite improvements in medical products, some health problems still remain unchanged (20, 21). Furthermore, innate or acquired antifungal resistance may pose a serious problem to antifungal treatment (20, 21). Antifungal resistance among invasive isolates of Candida is not common; therefore, it is still a concern, particularly for C.glabrata and C. krusei (22, 23), both of which are used to show intrinsic (C. krusei) or acquired (C. glabrata) resistance against fluconazole (24). Caspofungin is a fungicidal echinocandins and is active against many species of Candida (24-27). Caspofungin and other echinocandins exhibit potent activity against fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. (24, 26, 28-30). Pfaller et al. determined the in vitro activity of caspofungin against 351 fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates (24), and reported that 99% were susceptible to caspofungin at the MIC of 2 g/mL (24). Bachmann et al. reported that caspofungin was equally active against fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant isolates (6). Lyon et al. evaluated the susceptibility of 5,821 isolates of Candida spp. They reported that C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. lusitaniae were quite susceptible to fluconazole and C. glabrata was less susceptible to fluconazole (31).
Caspofungin exhibited (99.8%) significant activity against all species of Candida Lemos et al. reported 157 fluconazole-resistant Candida isolates out of 3959 Candida species isolated from clinical samples (2). The current study showed that caspofungin was active against the fluconazole- resistant Candida isolates (2). Silver et al. evaluated in vitro susceptibility of 80 C. glabrata species isolated from clinical samples to caspofungin (L). Their results showed that caspofungin had significant activity against fluconazole-resistant isolates, isolates susceptible and dose-dependent susceptible to fluconazole (32). Evaluated the activity of caspofungin against 3,959 isolates of Candida spp., and reported that a total of 157 isolates were resistant to fluconazole. Caspofungin showed the same activity against fluconazole-resistant isolates that it showed against isolates susceptible and dose-dependently susceptible to fluconazole (33). The current study determined in vitro activity of caspofungin against Iranian fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. isolated from clinical samples in Iran. Results showed that 30 (91%) out of 33 isolates were susceptible to caspofungin and 95% of the fluconazole-resistant, susceptible, and the growth of dose dependent Candida spp. isolates were inhibited by caspofungin; 7 (87.5%) out of 8 C. albicans, 14 (93.4%) out of 15 C.glabrata and 4 (80%) out of 5 C. krusei fluconazole-resistant isolates were inhibited by MIC ≤ 2 of caspofungin; the growth of 100% of C.tropicalis were inhibited by caspofungin. These findings confirm and extend the ones previously reported regarding significant activity of caspofungin (1, 2, 6, 24, 31-33).
Ortiz de la Tabla-Ducasse et al. in their in vitro study reported that caspofungin was very active against a variety of fluconazole-resistant Candida strains isolated from clinical cohort of HIV-infected patients. The MIC50 and MIC ranges of caspofungin against C. albicans were slightly higher than those of C.glabrata, which confirm the results of the current study (34). Posteraro et al. reported that their results represent further evidence for the excellent antifungal potency of caspofungin, particularly against C. glabrata isolates, expressing cross-resistance to azoles that confirms the results of the current study (8). The current in vitro study showed that caspofungin appears to be more effective against fluconazole-resistant Candida species and some other yeasts isolated from clinical samples in Iran.
