1. Background
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a common and extremely distressing problem experienced by many patients on hemodialysis (HD). It is a neurological condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move legs, especially it occurs during inactivity and at night (1, 2).
RLS is described from 1945 in primary and secondary forms; patients with primary RLS are usually younger than 45 and the symptoms progress slowly. It seems that some familial or genetic factors are associated with primary forms of the disease. Secondary RLS occurs in patients with uremia, pregnancy, iron deficiency state, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 2 and some neuropathies (3, 4).
A more important problem is the indescribable symptoms such as pain, itching bones, soda bubbling in veins, worms moving that usually occurs in bed and disturbs the patients and forces them to walk or move the legs to remove this frustrating sensation; therefore, the physicians should be more careful about the diagnosis (5).
In addition, the prevalence of RLS in patients who are under treatment with hemodialysis is vary in different studies performed in broad geographical regions (6.6% - 68%), and the recent studies using International RLS Study Group criteria (IRLSSG) suggest a prevalence rate of 33% in patients with the end stage renal disease that is greater than normal population (6). This wide range of differences appears to be related to the character of RLS diagnosis that is clinical and depends on physicians’ experience and interview, the RLS validated questionnaire, and the standard criteria are not used in all studies. Moreover, it seems that the different studied populations are important factors (1, 4).
Recently some studies showed that HD patients with RLS are more at risk of nocturnal hypertension, heart diseases and perhaps stroke, and the association of other sleep disturbances which could lead to anxiety and depression (7-9). Higher mortality rate in the patients with HD is an important situation that could be an alarm for renal health providers for more medical and supportive care (10).
It is notable that patients with HD have considerably poorer sleep quality than normal population. The presence of RLS and its related sleep disorders could be an added problem and decrease patient’s quality of life.
2. Objectives
Although, the condition is simply curable and the diagnosis is not expensive uremic RLS is a common, under recognized and not well documented problem in Iran, Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of RLS in 397 Iranian patients with HD.
3. Patients and Methods
3.1. Patients
From February to May 2013, 397 consecutive patients with HD from six referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran (Imam Khomeini, Doctor Shariati, Shahid Hasheminejad, Baharloo, Labafi Nejhad, and Baqiyatallah) were enrolled in the study to be evaluated by means of a questionnaire, filled through face-to-face interview.
Demographic information (age, gender, and marital status), Body Mass Index (BMI), medical history, habitual history (alcohol, cigarettes, and coffee), etiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and history of kidney transplantation were gathered from their charts.
Co morbid diseases such as: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), anemia (defined by hemoglobin less than 11 mg/dL for women and 12 mg/dL for men), neurological, cardiovascular or thyroid gland disease, and dialysis vintage were collected by interviewing and using their charts.
3.2. Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosis
In the current study, RLS was clinically diagnosed by International RLS Study Group criteria (IRLSSG) questionnaire (11). Thus, patients were screened with face-to-face interview considering all four parts of the diagnostic criteria.
3.3. Assessment of Sleep Disorders
The patients` sleep complaints, insomnia (trouble in falling asleep and/or recurrent awakening with difficulty in falling asleep again and wakeup early in the morning), daytime sleepiness, and sleep quality were assessed with three self-administered validated questionnaires.
Patient with a score above 13 in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI > 13) questionnaire were recognized to have insomnia, daytime sleepiness was assessed with Epworth Sleepiness Scale questionnaire (ESS > 12), and decreased sleep quality was evaluated with the score above eight by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI > 8) questionnaire (12-14).
3.4. Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS software version16. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions and compared with the chi-square Test variables such as: age and BMI were expressed as means and standard deviations, and were compared with t- tests. P-value less than 0.05were considered statistically significant.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between HD patients’ comorbid disease and RLS. Variables of Diabetes mellitus, endocrine gland disorders, anemia, neurologic diseases (neuropathy, Parkinson Disease) and cardiovascular disease were entered listwise into the statistical model to evaluate their contribution. The study was in accordance with Helsinki Declaration and the Ethics Committee of Baqiyatallah University approved the study.
4. Results
The study results indicated that out of 397 HD patients 126 (31.7%) presented RLS (mean age 57.6 ± 15.4 years), with higher frequency in females (47.4% and P < 0.001, OR ≈ 2.90), there were no significant differences in age, marital status, BMI, smoking, coffee or alcohol consumption, dialysis duration, ethological factors, and history of renal transplantation between the two groups (Table 1).
Applying logistic regression analysis among co-morbid disorders, showed that the thyroid gland dysfunction (P < 0.03, OR ≈ 2.01, CI 95% ≈ (0.97 - 4.18)) was the only condition that differed between the two groups.
The use of drugs did not differ in the two groups except antihypertensive medication (P < 0.01, OR ≈ 1.7, CI 95% ≈ (1.12 - 2.68)), related to RLS symptoms (Table 2).
Fifty percent of all the patients were involved with at least one form of sleep disorders. Sleep quality disorder was the most common problem (47.9%); insomnia and daytime sleepiness were detected in 25.2% and 24.2% of patients, respectively.
Sleep disorders were significantly more common in patients with RLS.
Daytime sleepiness was considered in 46% (n = 58 - P < 0.001, OR ≈ 8.05, CI 95% ≈ (3.2 - 8.5)) of the patients with RLS; 43.7% (n = 55 - P < 0.001, OR ≈ 3.89, CI 95% ≈ (2.4 - 6.2)) had insomnia and 76.2% (n = 96 - P < 0.001, OR ≈ 6.02, CI 95% ≈ (3.7 - 9.7)) had decreased sleep quality (Table 3).
For patients without RLS symptoms, the amounts were 14% (n = 38), 16.6% (n = 45), and 34.6% (n = 94) for daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and decreased sleep quality, respectively. On the other hand, subgroup analysis identified that diabetes (P < 0.02), BMI increase (P < 0.02), and age (P < 0.03), could continuously lead to daytime sleepiness.
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Hemodialysis Cases According to Presence/Absence of Restless Leg Syndrome a
| Variables | Patients With RLS | Patients Without RLS | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean | 57.6 | 59.8 | 0.47 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.21 | 24.14 | 0.83 |
| Smoking b | 13 (18.8) | 56 (81.2) | 0.45 |
| Coffee, No. | 0 | 2 | 0.45 |
| Alcohol, No. | 0 | 1 | 0.45 |
| History of transplantation b | 12 (42.9) | 16 (57.1) | 0.2 |
| Dialysis sessions | |||
| Session per week | 3.10 | 3.08 | 0.41 |
| Time of each session (Hour) | 3.90 | 3.93 | 0.29 |
| Gender b | 0.00 | ||
| Male | 62 (23.7) | 200 (76.3) | |
| Female | 64 (47.4) | 71 (52.7) | |
| Marital state b | 0.40 | ||
| Single | 3 (2.4) | 12 (4.4) | |
| Married | 123 (97.6) | 259 (95.5) | |
| Ethological factor b | 0.67 | ||
| Hypertension | 45 (30) | 105 (70) | |
| Diabetes | 50 (35.2) | 92 (64.8) | |
| Poly cystic kidney disease | 6 (35.3) | 11 (64.7) | |
| Idiopathic | 25 (28.4) | 63 (71.6) |
a Abbreviations: BMI: mass index, RLS: Restless Leg Syndrome.
b Data is presented as No. (%).
Table 2. Co-morbidities and Drug History of Hemodialysis Cases According to the Presence/Absence of Restless Leg Syndrome a
| Variables | Patients With RLS, No. (%) | Patients Without RLS, No. (%) | OR Crude (CI 95) | Adjusted OR | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co-morbidities | |||||
| Diabetes | 58 (36.5) | 101 (63.5) | 1.43 (0.93 - 2.20) | 0.714 (0.45 - 1.12) | 0.14 |
| Endocrine Gland disorders | 17 (53.1) | 15 (49.9) | 2.01 (0.97 - 4.18) | 0.434 (0.19 - 0.96) | 0.03 |
| Anemia | 16 (27.6) | 42 (72.4) | 0.79 (0.42 - 1.47) | 0.917 (0.46 - 1.83) | 0.80 |
| Neurologic disease (neuropathy, PD) | 5 (18.5) | 22 (81.5) | 0.46 (0.17 - 1.26) | 1.622 (0.56 - 4.65) | 0.36 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 26 (27.1) | 70 (72.9) | 0.74 (0.44 - 1.24) | 1.088 (0.62 - 1.88) | 0.76 |
| Drug history | |||||
| Anti - hypertensive | 81 (37) | 138 (63) | 1.73 (1.12 - 2.68) | 0.01 | |
| Diabetic modifier | 59 (33.9) | 115 (66.1) | 1.19 (0.78 - 1.82) | 0.44 | |
| Corticosteroid | 15 (36.6) | 26 (63.4) | 1.27 (0.64 - 2.49) | 0.48 | |
| Lipid profile modulator | 68 (33) | 138 (67) | 1.13 (0.4 - 1.72) | 0.59 |
a Abbreviations: RLS: Restless Leg Syndrome.
Table 3. Sleep Disorders of the Subjects on Hemodialysis According to Presence/Absence of Restless Leg Syndrome a
| Variables | Patients With RLS, No. (%) | Patients Without RLS, No. (%) | P- value | OR (CI 95) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day time sleepiness (ESS < 12) | 58 (46) | 38 (14) | 0.001 | 5.2 (3.2- 8.5) |
| Insomnia (ISI < 13) | 55 (43.7) | 45 (16.6) | 0.001 | 3.89 (2.4 - 6.2) |
| Decreased sleep quality (PSQI > 8) | 96 (76.2) | 94 (34.6) | 0.001 | 6.02 (3.7 - 9.7) |
a Abbreviations: ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ISI: Insomnia Severity Index, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, RLS: Restless Leg Syndrome.
5. Discussion
In the present study, the prevalence of RLS was about 31.7%, which was similar to those of the recent studies (6, 15), although some others reported different rate such as: 21.5% in Brazil (16), 14% in Canada (17), 18.4% - 21.5% in Italy (18), 6.6% in India (19), 20.3% in Syria (20), and 62% in China (21). This high variability may be due to the differences between the number of studied subjects, using different methods, or RLS diagnostic criteria in these studies; and not just because of racial, or geographical differences.
RLS was more frequent in females, which is supported by the fact that RLS can occur during pregnancy and it may relate to the highest levels of estrogen, or psychological changes; the current study results were similar to the explanations of several other studies on female gender as a risk factor for RLS (16, 22).
No statistical differences were observed between the two groups regarding caffeine, alcohol, or cigarette use, like that of Salman study; it could be related to some national behavior, or faking (20).
Moreover, antihypertensive drug consumption was related to RLS. According to some studies, hypertension can be a risk factor for RLS, and despite different reports, further studies are needed to investigate the role of hypertension or antihypertensive drugs (23). In the current study among co-morbidities, anemia did not correlate with the presence of RLS symptoms, like some other studies (2, 9, 17, 21).
Lack of this relation is not far-fetched. Whereas, the conditions such as gastric bypass surgery, frequent blood donation, elderly, CKD, and pregnancy that increase risk of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) also increase the risk of RLS, but the role of anemia or iron deficiency are not well defined, yet (24).
It should be mentioned that marginal levels of brain iron, intracellular iron dysfunction, and central role of it in brain dopamine metabolism, are defined as etiological causes by many studies (9, 25-27).
Some studies confirmed the relationship between iron deficiency and RLS, even in the absence of anemia (28), however, the peripheral blood hemoglobin and ferritin are not good predictors to evaluate brain iron status (17, 29).
In the current study, thyroid disorders were the only co-morbid disease correlated with the presence of RLS symptoms. Other studies presented that the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) had a circadian releasing rhythm that rose at nightfall, and the times that the severity of RLS symptoms were presented. On the other hand, Dopamine Agonists (DA), as the main treatments used for RLS relief, have a depressive effect on the thyroid axis too. Some studies demonstrated that treating hypothyroid patient with L-thyroxin could develop signs and symptoms of RLS, and they confirmed that elevated thyroid hormones are provocative conditions for RLS-like symptoms (24, 30-33).
As for the effect of several drugs that are inducers of CYP 450 activity to improve the symptoms of RLS, it seems that further studies are needed to investigate the relationship and effects of thyroid hormones, and the related iron enzymatic interactions with uremic RLS. In the current study, patients who had RLS symptoms experienced more sleep disorders than the others, similar to the results obtained by Gigli et al. (8).
Sleep quality disorder was the most common sleep problem among these patients. RLS could be an etiological factor, or just attendant with other sleep disorders; insomnia and reduction of sleep quality could lead to daytime sleepiness and mood disorders. Other studies suggested that HD patient with RLS also had other sleep disorders such as: daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and poor sleep quality which were directly related to their quality of life and mortality rate (10). Sleep fragmentation and sleep deprivation caused by RLS may contribute to the cardiovascular complications and infections, often with bad prognosis in patients on hemodialysis. Limitations of the current study were Parity and Kt/V index, which were not included.
The high prevalence of RLS and other sleep disorders among uremic patients requires careful investigation of nocturnal sleep, although often under diagnosed; correct identification of these disorders can lead to better therapy and improvement of clinical conditions and quality of life. The most important diagnostic factor for a physician is to mention that a third of HD patients with such conditions.
