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Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics

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https://doi.org/10.5812/compreped.62514

Nephrotic Syndrome Outcome in Children: An Epidemiological Study

Author(s):
Parsa YousefichaijanParsa YousefichaijanParsa Yousefichaijan ORCID1, Masoud RezagholizamenjanyMasoud RezagholizamenjanyMasoud Rezagholizamenjany ORCID2,*, Fatemeh RafieiFatemeh Rafiei3, Ali ArjmandAli ArjmandAli Arjmand ORCID4, Sima TayebiSima Tayebi2
1Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
2School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
3Departmanof Biostatistics, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
4Department of Pediatric, Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics:Vol. 9, issue 4; e62514
Published online:May 22, 2018
Article type:Research Article
Received:Oct 06, 2017
Accepted:Feb 14, 2018
How to Cite:Yousefichaijan P, Rezagholizamenjany M, Rafiei F, Arjmand A, Tayebi S. Nephrotic Syndrome Outcome in Children: An Epidemiological Study. J Compr Ped. 2018;9(4):e62514. doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/compreped.62514

Abstract

Background:

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) as a glomerular basal membrane disease has different outcomes. The current study aimed at evaluating epidemiologic status in NS and its correlation with the outcome in children.

Methods:

The current hospital based study evaluated the patients of pediatric clinic at Amir-Kabir hospital. Demographic information was obtained by interviewing both the physicians and patients. Also, to determine the sesitivityto steroid drugs, children were given prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day with maximum dose of 60 mg/day) for four weeks and syndromes were determined based on children responses to the drug. Patients were divided into four groups of 25. At the end, data were transfered to SPSS program and the correlations between epidemiological information and different types of NS were investigated

Results:

Results of the current study showed that steroid responded children with frequent relapse as well as steroid dependent children had better epidemiological and socioeconomic status compared with the steroid resistance ones (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Prognosis of NS or medication responses was related to epidemiological status of children.

Keywords
Nephrotic Syndrome
Epidemiology
Children

1. Background

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), in medicine and urology has a set of clinical manifestations due to increased glomerular membrane permeability, which occur due to high protein excretion (1, 2). Since non-nephrotic kidney has a low urinary protein excretion (Up/Cr < 0.2 or < 4 mg/m2/hour), excretion increases and reaches more than 2.0 U PR/Cr or 40 mg/m2/hour, which leads to some clinical manifestations including edema hypoproteinemia, and lipoproteins (3, 4). In children and young adults, this is almost invariably the continuum clinical counterpart of glomerular diseases in minimal change disease (MCD) and mesangial proliferative GN (MesGN) (5).
This syndrome, based on outcome, is divided into transient, persistent, asymptomatic, symptomatic, orthostatic, and fixed in types (6, 7). Syndrome treatment, independent of the underlying renal pathology, is by continuously taking prednisone for four weeks, as the basic approach of treatment, which in approximately 90% of children with MCD and 20% - 60% of those with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) achieves remission (8, 9). However, after steroid tapering or withdrawal, 60% - 70% of patients relapsed and most of them required repeated prednisone courses to achieve remission. Based on the relapse rate, the patients were classified as frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent; that is patients in most urgent, effective, and safer treatment (7, 10). The current study aimed at evaluating the epidemiological factors and their correlation with nephritic syndrome outcomes including steroid-dependent, frequently relapsing, and steroid resistance.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Setting

It was as a case series study conducted in pediatric clinic of Amirkabir hospital.

2.2. Ethical Considerations

Authors completely observed ethical issues (double publication, including plagiarism, and data fabrication. (In addition, the ethical committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences approved the study protocol.

2.3. Study Population

The patients were selected by representative sampling from children < 15 years old with nephritic syndrome diagnosis. The study data were obtained from patient-physician interviews. The current study considered 100 children with NS diagnosis. To determine the drug responses, each child was given prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day with maximum dose of 60 mg/day) for four weeks; based on their responses to corticosteroids in one month, children were divided into four groups as steroid responded, steroid resistant, frequent relapse, and steroid dependent.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Data analysis was conducted by chi-square test with SPSS at a significant level of < 0.05.

2.5. Measurements

Epidemiological and clinical information were obtained by physician-patient interviews on admission to hospital.

2.6. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Age less than 15 years, consent to participate in the research project, and absence of another congenital kidney disease were considered as inclusion criteria; in addition, presence of severe liver, kidney, or cardiac diseases, and dissatisfied with personal data utilization in the current study were considered as exclusion criteria.

3. Results

Epidemiological and clinical information of children with NS are shown in Table 1. In some of the variables such as gender (P = 0.004), gestational age (P = 0.001), diabetic nephropathy (P = 0.007), prerenal azotemia (P = 0.001), allergies (P = 0.001), microscopic hematuria (P = 0.001), delivery type (P = 0.001), passive smoking (P = 0.001), child’s body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.001), and neonatal jaundice (P = 0.001) a statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (P = 0.007).
Table 1.Epidemiological Information of Children with NS
VariableSteroid RespondedSteroid DependentSteroid ResistantFrequent RelapseP Value
Gender0.004
Male24765252
Female76244848
Gestational age0.001
Term78402620
Preterm12487280
Post-term121200
Diabetic nephropathy0.007
Negative1001008876
Positive001224
Hematological disease0.387
Negative100100100100
Positive0000
Pre-renal azotemia0.001
Positive12568076
Negative88442024
Allergies0.001
Positive0444876
Negative100565224
UTI0.133
Positive24363656
Negative76646444
Microscopic hematuria0.001
Positive8687664
Negative92322436
Delivery type0.001
Natural64765272
Cesarean36244828
Passive smoker0.001
Positive1240724
Negative88602896
Children BMI0.001
Obesity4205216
Overweight20282044
Normal5640248
Underweight2012432
Neonatal jaundice0.007
Positive16406436
Negative84603664
Also, about epidemiological and clinical information of children families, indicated in Table 2, a statistically significant difference was observed among the groups in some factors including economic status (P = 0.001), mother’s BMI (P = 0.011), mother’s pregnancy age (P = 0.04), preeclampsia (P = 0.04), gestational hypertension (P = 0.001), consanguineous marriage (P = 0.001), and passive smoking of mothers (P = 0.001). The results showed a better status of the steroid responded group compared with the other groups.
Table 2.Familial Epidemiological Information of Children with NS
VariableSteroid RespondedSteroid DependentSteroid ResistantFrequent RelapseP Value
Father’s occupation0.062
Unemployed40816
Self-employed48424
Worker16283624
Employee76645236
Mother’s occupation0.064
Unemployed20281612
Self-employed00832
Worker16123212
Employee64604444
Father’s education0.470
Under diploma0162816
Diploma8242020
Associate20848
Bachelor52403240
Master’s degree and higher20121616
Mother’s education0.194
Diploma28322828
Associate8840
Bachelor44363236
Master’s degree and higher2016424
Economic status, US$0.001
< 25012048
250 - 5000242812
> 50088766880
Maternal BMI, kg/m20.011
Obesity4444840
Overweight1682016
Normal68442032
Underweight1241212
Maternal pregnancy age, y0.004
18 >0044
18 - 24444412
25 - 294828120
30 - 348524432
35 <0163652
Preeclampsia0.004
Positive445252
Negative96564848
Eclampsia0.432
Positive12044
Negative881009696
Diabetes0.118
Pre-gestational8244020
Gestational24243632
No diabetes68522448
Gestational HTN0.001
Positive8327668
Negative92682432
Chronic HTN0.058
Positive20525652
Negative80484448
Consanguineousmarriage0.001
Positive12407672
Negative88602428
Living place0.572
City76526860
Village24483240
Mother’s passive smoking0.001
Positive20528072
Negative80482028

4. Discussion

The current study investigated the epidemiological and clinical information of children in different types of NS outcomes.
In a study by Chanchlani et al., on ethnic differences in NS, they reported that drug responses in NS outcomes varied with ethnicity (11). In another study by Huttunen et al., on Finnish type of congenital NS, they observed slight increases in blood urea nitrogen in 14 cases and 50% death of the children before six months without frank uremia developed before death (12). A study on the epidemiology of renal failure (RF) expressed high incidence of RF at PUHC-CDG of Ouagadougou (13). Takahashi et al., conducted a study on relapse triggers in children with steroid dependency; they observed 442 relapses in 2499 patients (14). Yousefichaijan et al., observed no statistically significant correlation between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS), and their healthy counterparts (15), which was not investigated in the current study. Sreenivasa et al., concluded that urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common infection, which can lead to NS (16). In Feehally et al., concluded that NS was more preponderant in children living in the Leicester city (17). Mangia et al., observed that RF was associated with a wide range of different etiologies and different levels of morbidity, and consequently influenced the outcome of disease (18). Ruggenenti et al., concluded that Rituximab reduces immunosuppression needs in steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (19). The current study limitation was defective epidemiologic questionnaire completion by parents; after explaining to parents about the effect of NS on kidney and other body systems they agreed to cooperate. Furthermore, it is recommended to confirm the results by further studies.

4.1. Conclusion

Steroid resistant, frequent relapsing, and steroid dependent outcomes of NS in children increased with particular distribution related to epidemiologic factors including gender, gestational age, diabetic nephropathy, prerenal azotemia, allergies, etc. Based on this epidemiological status, modification can influence and increase NS outcomes.

Acknowledgments

Footnotes

References

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